The Beautiful Mountain In Indonesia History Essay

The Beautiful advanceain In Ind unmatchablesia History Essay approach is a form of area protruding in a uplifteder place the h banking atomic number 18a. A bus is usu all toldy higher and poreer than a hill, but they be having similarity and usage frequently depends on local custom. roughly goernment define a push-down stack with a peak of much than a certain measure for example, the Encyclopedia Britannica requires elevation 2000 feet (610 m) to be defined as a can.Whether a landform is called a mass may depend on usage among the local pot. Other definitions of messain include* Height over base of at least 2, cholecalciferol* Height over base of 1500-2500m with a slope great than 2 degrees* Height over base of 1000-1500m with a slope greater than 5 degrees* Local (radius 7 km) elevation greater than 300m, or 300-1000m if local (radius 7 km) elevation is greater than 300m.By this definition, rise upains subvention 64% of Asia, 25% of Europe, 22% of South the St ates, 17% of Australia, and 3% of Africa. As a whole, 24% of the Earths land mass is dealous and 10% of state live in mountainous regions. Most of the creative legal actions rivers argon fed from mountain sources, and more(prenominal) than half of humanity depends on mountains for irrigate.High mountains, as well head up as those locate close to the Earths poles, reach into the colder layers of the atmosphere. They ar consequently rout to glaciations, and erosion with frost action. Such processes produce the peak shape. several(prenominal) of these mountains befool glacial lakes, created by melting glaciers for example, on that point are an estimated 3,000 glacial lakes in Bhutan. push-down storages can be eroded and weather conditioned, altering their characteristics over time. towering mountains take aim different climatic conditions at the choke than at the base, and result thus have different life z whizs at different altitudes. The devicet and fauna foun d in these zones tend to constitute isolated since the conditions to a higher place and below a fractionicular zone exit be stark to those organisms. These isolated ecological systems are have a go at itn as sky islands and/or microclimates. climbingains are colder than lower ground, beca office the Sun heats Earth from the ground up. The Suns radiation travels with with(predicate) the atmosphere to the ground, where Earth absorbs the heat. oxygenize closest to the Earths surface is, in general, warmest. Air temperature normally drops 1 to 2 degrees Celsius for each 300 meters (1000 feet) of altitude. assumeains are broadly less preferable for human habitation than lowlands the weather is often harsher, and there is subaltern direct ground suitable for agriculture. At very high altitudes, there is less oxygen in the air and less protection against solar radiation (UV). Acute mountain sickness (ca utilise by hypoxia a lack of oxygen in the blood) affects over half of lo wlanders who spend more than a few hours preceding(prenominal) 3,500 meters (11,483 ft). sightains and mountain ranges throughout the domain have been left in their infixed state, and are today primarily used for recreation, while others are used for logging, mining, grazing, or see little use. Some mountains offer spectacular views from their summits, while others are loweringly wooded. Summit handiness is affected by heyday, steepness, latitude, terrain, weather. Roads, lifts, or tramways affect accessibility. Hi fagot, backpacking, mountaineering, shiver come up, ice spinning topening, downward-sloping skiing, and snowboarding are recreational activities enjoyed on mountains. ascendains that support heavy recreational use (especially downhill skiing) are often the sides of mountain resorts.Mountains can be characterized in several ways. Some mountains are volcanoes and can be characterized by the grammatical case of lava. Other mountains are shaped by glacial proces ses and can be characterized by their glaciated suffers. Still others are typified by the faulting and sheepfolding of the Earths crust, or by the collision of continental plates via plate tectonics (the Himalayas, for instance). Finally, the type of rock that throw aways up their composition can characterize mountains.The case of lithospheric plates, either orogenic movement or epeirogenic movement, usually produces a mountain. The compressional forces, isostatic uplift and intrusion of igneous savor forces surface rock upward, creating a landform higher than the surrounding features. The bloom of the feature makes it either a hill or, if higher and steeper, a mountain. The absolute high school of features termed mountains and hills vary greatly correspond to an areas terrain. The major mountains tend to occur in long marchesar arcs, indicating tectonic plate boundaries and activity. Two types of mountain are organize depending on how the rock reacts to the tectonic forc es block mountains or fold mountains.Compressional forces in continental collisions may cause the compressed region to thicken, so the upper surface is forced upward. In order to balance the system of free weights of the earth surface, much of the compressed rock is forced downward, producing enigmatical mountain roots see the Book of Earth, Press and Siever page.413. Mountains therefore form downward as well as upward (see isostasy). However, in some continental collisions part of one continent may simply override part of the others, crumpling in the process. Volcanoes, including many a(prenominal) apparently broken islands that reach a great height above the ocean floor, produced some isolated mountains.Block Mountains are created when bombastic areas are widely broken up by faults creating large vertical displacements. This particular is fairly common. The uplifted blocks are Block Mountains or horsts. The interfere dropped blocks are termed graben these can be small or form prolonged rift valley systems. This form of landscape can be seen in east some Africa, the Vosges, the Basin and Range province of westsideern North America and the Rhine valley. These areas often occur when the regional stress is extensional and the crust is thinned. The mid-ocean ridges are often referred to as under ocean mountain ranges due to their bathymetric prominence. fluctuate that does not fault may fold, either symmetrically or asymmetrically. The up folds are anticlines and the down folds are synclines in asymmetric folding their may in addition be recumbent and overturned folds. The Jura Mountains are an example of folding. over time, erosion can bring roughly an inversion of relief the fluffy up thrust rock is worn away so the anticlines are actually lower than the tougher, more compressed rock of the synclines.As in the world have many beautiful mountains. So, according to the previous investigate there are some beautiful mountains with their special ch aracter, which laid in Indonesia and usually elicit to visit.For the first mountain, that it will be explained is mount Jayawijaya, The highest mountain in Indonesia. Jayawijaya similarly a mountain covered with snow. Because of that, Mount Jayawijaya make Indonesia to be proud have that mountain.Puncak Jayawijaya or a shorter called Puncak Jaya has reached the height of most 4884 meters above sea level. Stretched lengthwise in the middle of the province of West Papua and Papua (Indonesia) to Papua juvenile Guinea Newguinea on with coordinate S 0404.733 and E 13709.572.Puncak Jaya overly called Carstensz Pyramide comes from name a Dutch adventurer named Carstenz January, he was the first see snow in the mountain area. Jan Carstensz makes observations through an ocean liner in 1623. Because cannot be determined by direct observation, the report was considered ridiculous. Because for Europeans, found the ashen mountains in the tropics is something that close to impossible.T he truth of the Carstensz report revealed later onwards almost three hundred days later, when in 1899 dutch tour make a Papua Island map and found the snow covered a mountain like Carstensz report said. To honor Carstensz, so the peak of that mountain named as the name implies.Recorded the first climbers ever to conquer the Puncak Jaya is the expedition police squad led by Heinrich Harrer in 1962. Heinrich Harrer is an excellent climber and sea paroleed authors. His historied book, S correct Years in Tibet, is the true story of wanderings and friendship in the Himalayas, Tibet. Before Harrer, actually have a lot of other climbers who accentuate to climb, but no one has ever succeeded. After Heinrich Harrer, play alonging the expedition of Indonesia made it to the top. The expedition led by Lieutenant Colonel Hamid Azwar Topography of the Directorate of the force is successfully achieving Puncak Jaya in 1964.Jayawijaya Mountain is cognize as one of the heptad highest peaks in the world (seven summit). Therefore, mount Jayawijaya is the ideals of true climbers, let alone climbing into the Puncak Jaya is the subjugation of the snow-covered mountain. Presented obstacles in the climb, such as a steep natural condition, very cold temperatures, strong winds and rain, and the lack of oxygen at altitude areas is a challenge to be conquered by the climbers.Puncak Jaya is one of the ashen mountain peaks in crossing the equator, except in the mountains in Africa and Latin America. When viewed from the air, Puncak Jaya looks like a black carpet covered by a w smashere hood. If the sun was bright, the snow will reflect blinding sunlight. gist of ice in the mountains is expected to reach 5 percent of world reserves of ice outside the continent of Antarctica. However, due to global warming, that amount from year to year increasingly shrinking. If viewed from the type of glacier into the types of Alpine Glaciation, the endure of glaciers that flow from a high to a lower area. Therefore, in this area have made possible the flow of the glacier.Not only enjoy the natural charm of snow in the tropics, in the mountains tourists can also discover direct geological evidence about the history of the formation of Jayawijaya Mountains. geological studies found empirical evidence that this mountain was originally a deep sea floor. A geologist named Francis Benedict in Margotomo http//www.e-samarinda.com Widodo said that the formation of the island of Papua with a peak in the IDR occurred about 60 million years ago. The island is formed from sedimentary rocks, which rose due to plate collision Indo-Pacific and Indo-Australian on the seabed, resulting in raised seabed became a large island. The evidence can be seen from the fossil marine animals left in the rocks Jayawijaya Mountains. Therefore, besides being a paradise for hikers, this region is also a paradise for geological research.If exploring the mountains of Mining, of line of descent the mai n thing is to prepare the physical readiness, supplies, and logistics. Exercise regularly in an area with a fairly cold temperature is one of the most in effect(p) learn to avoid the threat of hypothermia (hypothermia), which is due to heat loss in the temperate regions, very cold. In addition, the licensing aspect should also be inclined(p) long before the ascent fingers. Because, apart from the heavy terrain, Papua region often hit by riots, tribal warfare, natural disasters and other disorders. The difficulty of licensing to climb the roof of Indonesia This often led to expressions of satire more difficult than victorious care of his permission to climb the mountain.Given the weight of climbing terrain, tortuous licensing process, as well as security guarantees during the ascent, the climbers should use the services of an experient travel agent. Various travel agents who have international reputations have provided both route options, the classic route through the Village Ilaga, or line kedia more comfortable with a helicopter ride to the Basecamp Hill Lake (Lake Valley).locomotion agent will usually handle the issue of licensing, transportation from capital of Indonesia to Papua, renting a helicopter to the base camp, climbing guide, insurance, and training and conditioning aggroup before the climb. Of course, the cost per psyche for a climbing team using travel agent services requires considerable cost, which is about 10,000 USD per person (or about one hundred million rupiah).The next, it will be mount Tangkuban Perahu. As known mount Tangkuban Perahu has a unique legend. Tangkuban perahu or Tangkuban parahu according to the Sundanese dialect is a volcano, type stratovulcano. Tangkuban perahu is 25 km from Lembang, Bandung with the coordinate 646S 10736E / 6.77S 107.60E / -6.77 107.60. Its location is in between Sagalaherang village, Sagalaherang district, Subang regency and Cikole village, Lembang district, Bandung regency.Tangkuban perahu has height about 2084 meter (837 feet), with the make it flush in 1983. Mount Tangkuban Perahu is the easiest hike route. This stratovolcano offers many places to see and explore. Whether we look into the bulky volcanic volcanic crater or hike down into it, stroll through the woodwind on its slopes, or simply enjoy the splendid panoramic view. Mt. Tangkuban Perahu is an interesting destination that everyone in the Bandung area is fond of visiting.establish on experience, is split up to visit Mt. Tangkuban Perahu in the morning. Its still quite, cold weather, even still in the base ground before you going up to the mountain. Many passel said that if going into hike down, could find a huge crater, which many sulfur inside.The huge crater is also the main tourism spot. Its look likes a little lake with hot surface that feel like in the spa. Its rather hot in that huge crater. Visitor can decelerate awhile boil egg. But, visitant must aware with the hot liquid from ebullition hol es.Each mountain has urban legend for their name, or how it does created so does mount Tangkuban perahu. Mt. Tangkuban perahu named and created referring to the local legend.Is told that king Sungging Perbangkara go hunting. In the middle of forest, king threw urine, which deposited in caring leaves. A female pig named Wayungyang the middle of an stern to become a man had to drink urine. Wayungyang meaning(a) and gave birth to a beautiful baby. The king brings that baby to the castle and king gave her name Dayang Sumbi or Rarasati. A lot of kings want to marry her, but no one Dayang sumbi accept to be her husband. Thats making the kings warring among themselves.Dayang Sumbi ask permitted from her father to going and go to the hill accompany with a male dog named Tumang. When she was crabbed weaving, piston, which used to weave the cloth, pilot to the bottom. Dayang Sumbi felling lazy, uttered the word without the second feeling before, she promised to get anyone who found that piston-sex male, would be her husband. Tumang found that piston and crumple to Dayang Sumbi. Then, Tumang become her husband. Dayang Sumbi was shocking when knew Tumang is the incarnation of gods. Another gods was cursed Tumang because disobedience. In short time, Dayang Sumbi pregnant and eventually gave birth to a handsome baby named Sangkuriang. Sangkuriang never know that Tumang is the incarnation of gods and also his father.Sangkuriang is very fond of hunting. He was hunting accompany with Tumang. When Sangkuriang hunting in the forest instructed to pursue the Tumang Wayungyang sow. Tumang not want to follow his orders, then Sangkuriang killed Tumang. Sangkuriang give heart of the Tumang to Dayang Sumbi, then cooked and eaten. Dayang Sumbi never know that she already ate her husbands heart until she wonder where the dog going. At last, Sangkuriang confess that he killed Tumang and that heart was Tumangs heart. Dayang Sumbi anger was rising to the fore head beaten with hit San gkuriangs head with the rice spoon made from coconut shell, so his head have a scar. Dayang Sumbi cast away Sangkuriang for killed her husband. In her sadness she minded(p) the power of eternal youth by the gods.Sangkuriang go wandering well-nigh the world. After a long walk to the east finally arrived in the west again and unknowingly has arrived back in place Dayang Sumbi, where his fret was. Sangkuriang not know that the beautiful princess who was found Dayang Sumbi his mother. Sangkuriang fell in have intercourse with Dayang Sumbi and planned to marry her, only for Dayang Sumbi to recognize his scar just as he was about to go hunting. In order to prevent the wedlock from taking place, Dayang Sumbi asked Sangkuriang to build a dam on the river Citarum and build a large boat to cross the river, both before the sunrise. Sangkuriang meditated and summoned mythical ogre-like creatures -buta hejo or green giant(s)- to do his bidding. Dayang Sumbi saw that the tasks were almost co mpleted and called on her workers to spreadhead red silk cloths east of the city, to give the impression of impending sunrise. Sangkuriang was fooled, and upon believing that he had failed, kicked the dam and the unfinished boat, resulting in severe flooding and the creation of Tangkuban perahu from the take away of the boat. Sangkuriang pursued Dayang Sumbi a sudden disappeared in Gunung Putri and turned into a Jaksi flower. Sangkuriang after arriving at a place called the Edge Berung finally disappeared into the spirit world (ngahiyang).The next mountain it will be mount Krakatau, as known Krakatau have an amazing gonorrhea. Krakatau is a volcano that still active and located in Sunda strait of Indonesia, between Java Island and Sumatra. Its type is volcanic caldera. Krakatau rises 813 meters (2,667 feet) above sea level. This name has been pinned on the summit of the volcano there is, because the gust on August 26th-27th 1883, then vanished. The explosion very powerful and th e resulting tsunami killed approximately 36,000 people. Until December 26th 2004, this tsunami is the most powerful in Indian marine region. The explosion heard even in Alice Springs, Australia and Rodriguez Island 4.653 kilometers near Africa. The yield is estimated at 30,000 times the atomic bomb that detonated on Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of solid ground War II.Krakatau clap caused global climate change. World had dark during cardinal and a half day due to volcanic ash that surround the atmosphere. The sun was dreary enough until next year. Ash scatter looks in Norwegian sky to New York.Krakatau Explosion actually still loses differentiate with Toba Mount and Tambora Mount explosion. Whereas in New Zealand Tanpo Mount and Katmal Mount in Alaska. However that mountain explode long time when human state still very little. Meanwhile Krakatau clap, human population already dense enough, science and technology are evolved. Telegraph was found and submarine descent has been installed. Thus we can say that moment of information technology is developing and growing rapidly.Noted that the extravasation of Krakatau was the first major disaster in the world after the discovery of submarine telegraph. Progress is, unfortunately, has not been matched by progress in the field of geology. The geologist was not even able to give an explanation of these eruptions.Look around mount Krakatau region in Sunda strait, experts estimated that in ancient time there is a huge mount in Sunda strait which finally extreme explode and gave rest a caldera (huge crater) called ancient Mount Krakatau which is the main of eruption mount Krakatau in 1883. This mount is dispassionate of andesitic rocks.Note on the Ancient Krakatoa eruption taken from an ancient Javanese text, entitled Library Parwa King estimated dating from 416 AD. It contained among other statesThere was wail booming voice came from Mount Batuwara. There is also a stir shock earth, darkness, thunder an d lightning. Then came the storm of wind and rain and all the terrible storms darkened the entire world. A great flood came from Batuwara Mountain and flows east to Mount Kamula. When water drowning, the island of Java, separated into two, creating the island of Sumatra Geologists Berend George Escher and the other some entreat that natural event as told in that text which called Mount Batuwara. Based on that Library King Parwa book, Krakatau height reach 2,000 meters above sea level, and circumstance the sea reach 11 kilometers.Due to the great explosion, three-quarters of the personify destroyed leave the rest caldera (a large crater) in Sunda strait. The sides or edge crater, known as Rakata Island, Panjang Island and Sertung Island.This explosion was point out the responsibility for the occurrence of the dark ages on earth. Bubonic unhealthiness occurred due to cold temperature. This disease is significantly decrease human population on the earth.The eruption was also conside red contributing to the end of the heyday of ancient Persia, transmutation Roma estate to Byzantium, the end of the civilization of South Arabia, the extinction of a large Mayan City, Tikal and founder of the Nazca civilization in South America which enigmatic. The Ancient Krakatau eruption estimated during 10 days with an estimated mass of vomit speeds reach 1 million piles per second. The explosion has formed a shield 20-150 meters thick atmosphere, lower temperature of 10-20 degrees for 5-10 years.Rakata Island, which is one of rest the Ancient Krakatau Mount, and grow in accordance with encouragement from the volcanic bowels of the earth known as Mount Krakatau, made in basaltic rock. Then, two volcanoes in the middle crater, named Danan Mount and Perbuwatan later merged with Rakata Mount that shown first. This blend mount was called Krakatau Mount.Mount Krakatau had erupted in 1680 produced andesitic lava acid. Moreover in 1880, Mount Perbuwatan active produced lava without explosion. After that time, there is no more volcanic activity in Krakatau until May 20th 1883. In that day, after 200 years of sleep, a little explosion happens in Krakatau.Thats the first sign of eruption will occur in the Sunda Strait. This small explosion followed by small explosions that occurred on 26-27 summits in August 1883.Monday August 27th 1883, exactly 10.20 oclock, that mount was explode. Simon Winchester, a geologist who graduated from Oxford University in England and also the author of National geographic said that Krakatau Explosion was the biggest, loudest voices and volcanic events of the most devastating in sophisticated human history. Voices of the explosion heard until 4.600 km from the center of the explosion and even 1/8 earth citizen could hear at that time. consort to the researchers in University of North Dakota, Krakatau explosion together with Tambora eruption (1815) noted the biggest score of volcanic Explosives Index (VEI) in modern history. The Guine ss Book of Record noted that Krakatau explosion became the most powerful explosion that put down in history.Krakatau explosion had throw stones pumice and volcanic ash with a volume of 18 cuboid miles. A burst of the volcanic dusts reaches 80 km. Hard objects which flew into the air that fell on the plains of Java and Sumatra, even to Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Australia and New Zealand.Eruption destroyed Danan Mountain, Mount Perbuwatan and partially Mount Rakata, where a half cone is missing, creates a basin-wide prudence of 7 km and 250 meters. Ocean waves rise as high as 40 meters to destroy the villages and anything around coastal area. The tsunami was caused not only because of the eruption but also underwater avalanches.Noted that the number of the dead reached 36.417 people from 295 villages around coastal from Merak (Serang) until Cimalaya in Karawang, west coast of Banten to display on the Island of Cape Panaitan (Ujung Kulon) also Southern part of Sumatra. In Ujung K ulon, the flood went until 15 km to the west. The next day until a few days later, residents capital of Indonesia and Lampung hinterland no longer see the sun.Tsunami waves generated even creeping up to the Hawaiian coast, west coast of Central America and the Arabian Peninsula that 7 thousand miles away.Begin in 1927 or at least 40 years after Mount Krakatau eruption, shown volcanic which as known Krakatau son from ancient caldera area that still active and grow up. Speed of the harvest-home rate about 20 inches per month. Every year it becomes higher 20 feet high and 40 feet wide. Other records mention the high increase about 4 cm per year and if in calculate, so in 25 years later high increase Rakata son reached 7.500 inches or 500 feet higher than 25 years before. The growth rate itself due to cloth that comes out from of the new belly of the mountain.It this time Son of Krakatau rises about 230 meters above sea level, meanwhile the previous Mount Krakatau rises about 813 mete rs above sea level.According to Simon Winchester, despite what happened in the first Krakatau live very shake up realities of geology, seismic and tectonic in Java and Sumatra, which will ensure that the crazy what happens once in a while will happen again. No one knows exactly when the Son of Krakatau to erupt. Some geologists predict eruptions in will occur between 2015-2083. But the influence of the earthquake in the Indian Ocean base at December 26, 2004 also cannot be ignored.According to Professor Ueda Nakayama one expert Japanese volcano, son of Krakatau is still comparatively safe although there are active and frequent small eruptions, there are only certain times of the tourists are prohibited from near the area because of the dangers of spit lava of this volcano. Other experts said there is no pat theory of the Son of Krakatau erupted that will come back. If there is at least 3 century or after 2325 AD. But clearly, the number of victims caused more awesome than the pr evious eruption.After explanation about mount Krakatau, go to the next mountain it will be mount Rinjani, a favorite(a) for mountain clmbers because of the beauty of the scene Indonesia. Mount Rinjani is a mountain located in Lombok Island, West Nusa ten-spotggara. Mountain, which is the second highest volcano in Indonesia with a height of 3726 meters above sea level, it similar in height to Mount fuji in Japan and located at latitude 8 25 S and 116 28 E.Administratively, this mount is in the area the three of district, which is East Lombok, Central Lombok, and West Lombok.With the height Mount Rinjani, dominating most of the scenery of northern Lombok Island. In the westerly Rinjani cone there is caldera with area about 3.500m x 4.800 m, extending west towards. Inside this caldera, there is Segera Anak ( Segera = sea, lake) area of 11.000.000 sq m with the wisdom 230 m. The water that flow from this lake is forming a very beautiful waterfall, flow through away canyon. In Se gera Anak there are a lot of goldfish and mujair, so it usually used to fishing.In the eastern of caldera there is New Mount (Mount Barujari) which have a crater with size 170 m x 200 m and rises 2296- 2376 m above sea level. This little mountain eruption since May 2nd 2009 and along May, after also previously erupted in 2004. In 2004, this eruption did not take casualties the eruption in 2009 has been take indirect 31 casualties.To arrive in Mount Rinjani, climbers can use the direct bus Jakarta to Mataram with across the sea using feri two times.Rinjani have scenery, which is the most beautiful scenery in Indonesia. Every year (june-august) there are a lot of visitant like local residents, college student, nature lovers. Temperature average around 20 0C the last-place 12 0C. Strong winds are common in August.Besides at the peak, the place that usual in visit is Segera Anak. To reach this location visitant can climb from Senaru village or Sembalun Lawang. Most of climbers love exp erience entry from Sembalun, because it could save 700m altitudes. Sembalun route is quite far but flat, and the weather more heat because trough away desert savanna. Shading choice is highly recommended.From Senaru climb without stop, but the weather is soft because through the forest. From this both locations need time to walk away about 9 hours to the mouth of the ridge at height 2700m above sea level. In this place, scenery to the lake, as well as scenery to the out side. From Plawangan Senaru down into the lake through the steep wall to a height of 2000m above sea level that can be gone in 2 hours. In the lake visitor could take a camp and fishing (Carper, Mujair) that a lot. Lombok residents have a tradition visit to Segera Anakan for bathing in hot water family and fishing.To get to the peak, must take a walk climb the western wall at height 700m and ridge height 1000m taken in 2 steps, 3 hours and 4 hours. The first stage toward Plawangan Sembalun, visit the last camp to wait for the morning. Summit usual attack at 3 oclock morning to find beautiful moment the sun rises at the top of Rinjani. Travel to the peak not too easy, for climbing on the crater lip with a safety margin barely. The tracks are sand, stone, and land. The last height 200m to go with some difficulty, because of one step forward followed with a half step down (fallen rocks gravel). For highlander, this place the most challenging and desirable because of the weight field paid off with the beautiful natural scenery. To climb Rinjani no need tools required, just stamina, patience and passion.After the most beautiful mountain in Indonesia, which is mount Rinjani, the next explanation about mount Galunggung. Mount Galunggung is a stratovolcano with the height 2.167 m above sea level, the location about 17 km from the central of Tasikmalaya.The mountain, which is located in coordinate 7.25LS-7150LS 108.058BT-108330BT, has recorded that Galunggung had erupted in 1882 (VEI = 5). Early si gns known eruption in July 1822, in which water becomes turbid Cikunir and muddy. Results of the crater showed that the hot water is murky and sometimes appeared a column of smoke from the crater. Then on October 8 s.d. October 12, the eruption of flushed sand produces rain very hot, fine ash, hot clouds and lava. Lava flow base toward the southeast following the river flows. This 4011 eruption killed 114 people and destroyed villages, with damage to the land to the east and south as far as 40 km from the top of the mountain.The next eruption occurred in 1894. In between the dates 7-9 October, eruption clouds that produce heat. Then on October 30th and 27th, the lava flows occurred on the same river flows by lava eruption produced in 1822. This time the eruption destroyed 50 villages, most houses collapsed because of falling ash.In 1918, in early July, the next eruptions occur and aim with earthquake. July 6th eruption produces ash 2-5mm thick is limited in the crater and the sou thern slope. And on July 9, noted the appearance of the lava dome inside the lake crater with a size of 85m-high 560x440m, which was then called mountain so.The last major eruption on Galunggung was in 1982, which had a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 4 and killed 68 people. This eruption also brought the dangers of volcanic ash to aviation to worldwide attention, after two Boeing 747 passenger jets flying downwind of the eruption suffered temporary railway locomotive failures and damage to exterior surfaces, both planes being forced to make need landings at Jakarta.One, a British Airways aircraft carrying 240 passengers, accidentally entered the ash cloud during wickedness in June 1982 150 km downwind of the volcano. All iv engines failed and the aircraft descended for 16 minutes, losing 7500 meters of its 11500 meters altitude, until the crew managed to restart the engines.The following month a Singapore Airlines aero plan with 230 passengers aboard also inadvertently entered the cloud at night, and three of its four engines stopped. The crew succeeded in restarting one of the engines after descending 2400 meters. Both aircraft suffered dear damage to their engines and exterior surfaces.A hummocky deposit known as the Ten Thousand Hills of Tasikmalaya attracted the attention of early 20th century geologists. Houses were built on the hummocks since they provided good defence against hostile people, and being above the paddy handle were free of mosquitoes and rats.Originally, it was thought that