Preparing and Electronic Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Preparing and Electronic Portfolio - Essay manikinThey include1. Definition of portfolio context and goals-this is the step whereby the purpose of the portfolio is defined. Its important to ask oneself what is it that you are nerve-wracking to show with this portfolio. For instance are there any goals, outcomes or standards that are being exhibited using this portfolio? You volition realize that you are prepared for the following represent when firstly, you have been able to identify the purpose as well as the primary addressees for your portfolio. And secondly when you have identified the standards or bearings that you will be utilizing in organizing your portfolio. And finally, you have been able to select the development software you will be making use of as well as completed the initial stage using that specific tool.2. Classification/Collection whatsoever of the questions one needs to ask here include what type of artifacts will be included in the portfolio and how are suc h entries going to be classified? This stage therefore involves identification of various portfolio items which whitethorn be determined by assessment context as well as the kind of register that is to be collected. Selection of the most suitable software development tools for the portfolio context together with available resources. This stage also involves identification of the storage together with presentation medium most suitable for the given situation.3. Reflection-Reflection in the main is the soul and heart of any portfolio. It provides the basis for why these artifacts symbolize attainment of a specific result, objective or standard. The excellence of the learning that comes out of the process of portfolio development will be directly proportional to the excellence of the self-reflection put on the work.4. Interaction/connection/feedback/dialogue-this is the step that offers an opportunity for not only interaction but also feedback on the kind of work placed in the portf olio. Apparently, this is

About collecting state sale taxs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

About collecting state change taxs - Essay ExampleSometimes, some gross sales websites such as eBay, offers the option of the seller requiring a sales tax. There is one difference though in eBay versus other Internet sources such as virago.com and Lands cease that should be snapn into consideration. The eBay company website does offer some sales that is merchandise purchased from the actual eBay company charm others atomic number 18 separate sellers. The same is true with Amazon.com because some online orders are fulfilled by the website while others are offered in a marketplace style.It is my suggestion that the CEO should lobby in favor of keeping a tax on Internet sales on merchandise that is offered and fulfilled by the actual companies of Amazon and eBay. I think the taxation of individual sellers should be exempt unless they are an LLC or a dope of some type. Individuals often pay enough in fees to be able to sell on these types of websites so it should be up to the kn ock operating company to pay the sales taxes on these since they are already receiving a type of commission off of the sales made by individuals.Additionally, many of these sales take place using credit cards or payment accepted through PayPal. If an individual receives a certain amount of funding from the sale of items within the taxable year, they will have to pay taxes on them based on income made so inevitably, as long as a seller who is an individual is making a large bankroll off of these sales, there is no reason to tax their sales. However, it is the overhead companies such Amazon.com, eBay, Lands End and other small retailers, if they meet a certain amount of profit, I cheer that they should fall within a certain status where they are required to have sales taxes remunerative on online purchases.Obviously, there is some concern when there is a Supreme Court law that was mingled with Quill Corp v. North Dakota in 1992. Quill Corp. offered harvestings which had a licensed software computer product and the Supreme Court said that North

Use of batteries as power sources Research Paper

Use of batteries as power sources - Research writing ExampleThe requirements for these batteries comprise high release rates, low insertion loss from components in series by means of the cells, high-precision measuring rods, superfluous certification protective covering, and no upset by means of incredibly high ESD transients.If we canvas then we come to have a go at it that Battery- practice bundling requirements have gone through a main evolution in the history several years, and todays designs have considerable electronic content.Moreover, practically all Li-ion defender circuits for one- and two-cell applications have protector FETs in the low (unenthusiastic) surface of the battery. Plus key issues exacting to a low-side Li-ion protector circuit be converse. The transients shaped when the Li-ion protector opens throughout a brief short or when the battery is unplugged even as beneath load may exceed the voltage rating of semiconductors in the battery set. This theme descr ibes a number of plan issues and suggests solutions to make your mind up or get better them. Resolution of these subjects requires caution to together the circuit design and the printed circuit board (PCB) explain.If we analyzed the Fig. 1 then we come to know that it is a block drawing of circuitry in a typical Li-ion battery set. It demonstrates an instance of a security protection circuit for the Li-ion cells and a gas gauge (capacity measuring device). The security circuitry includes a Li-ion protector that controls succeeding(prenominal) FET switches. No doubt, these switches can be opened to defend the pack next to fault conditions such as in excess of voltage, beneath voltage, and over current.If we analyzed then we come to know that the suppose also comprise a temperature responsive three-terminal electrical fuse that will open due to long-drawn-out over gift or over temperature, or it can be forced to open by superfluous protection circuitry in case there is a respon sibility where the main protection circuitry fails to respond. As opening this fuse is a previous resort, as it will render the pack enduringly disabled. The gas-gauge circuitry events the charge and discharge posit by measuring the voltage crossways a low-value sense immunity with low-offset dimension circuitry.Furthermore, the present measurement is incorporated to decide the alter in coulometric ability. In adding up, the gauge measures temperature plus voltage, assess gas-gauging algorithms to decide the procurable capacity in the battery, and computes time-to-empty and additional values necessary by the host. The available capacity as swell as additional measurements and computational outcome are communicated to the host over a sequential discourse line. A diagram indication of obtainable ability can be displayed by the LEDs when make mobile by a push-button switch.Fig. 1. Block diagram of circuitry in a typical Li-ion battery pack.OPTIMIZING THE DESIGN FOR meter PRECISI ONLets take a look upon measurement precision requires a precise measurement info gaining system and measurement sensor and also need a cautious board layout. Moreover, if the designer does not pay notice to all these items, the ensuing system performance may not transport the pass judgment results.The sense resistor and how it is linked to the data gaining system are dangerous design decisions. The intelligence resistor may see changes in temperature that are much bigger than the ambient difference of the battery pack due to power debauchery in the resistor. Use of a low-temperature coefficient resistor will get better obtainable capacity and current-measurement precision. The effectual sense confrontation seen by the dimension circuitry may depend on how the printed circuit board (PCB) etch is linked to the sense resistor. If the intelligence re

Management accounting - contemporary approach Essay

Management accounting system - contemporary approach - Essay ExampleThe stem starts off with a brief review of literature concerning historical trends in circumspection accounting and whence develops understanding into modern issues while introducing recent ashess of management accounting, discusses a breakthrough development in effect measures viz. balanced scorecard and identifies various budgetary controls and their relationship with the managerial performance.The management accounting system emerged and developed initially during the 19th century. At first it was solely used by managers for obtaining cost learning such as direct labour and direct material etc.used in the manufacturing process. Further, the management accounting was developed in the same century to obtain information concerning subordinate activities and impact of specific products on company profits. It was then also utilised for estimating costs (standard cost) and comparing it with actual costs i.e., va riance synopsis (Johnson & Kaplan, 1987). Atkinson et al. (1997) describe management accounting as a process through which the economic transactions of an government are acknowledged, gauged, accounted and examined. This process of management accounting needs to be endogenous to the organisation, which directs the flow of organisational decisions vis--vis operation and investment. disrespect the criticality of management accounting in the process of managerial decision-making and performance towards the accomplishment of organisational goals, there rest substantial concerns regarding the bias and malpractice exercised on the part of managers. These concerns lead to the development of various controls enabling the organisations to oversee the canalize of managers and supervisors, and to make them accountable for their activities impacting organisational goals. This is referred to as the management control, and Anthony and Govindarajan (1998, p17) delineate it as,Management contr ol is the process by which managers operate other members of the organization to implement the organizations strategies. The system used by management to control the activities of an organization is called its management control system.Hopwood (1972) previously figured out various demoralised activities on the part of the managers, such as budgetary slacks and exploitation of performance measures vitiating the role of management accounting. Merchant (1985) describes various controls to be implement at managerial level so as to set standards and gauge outcomes of managerial activities and decision-making. The most significant control pertinent to management is the result control, which is achieved either through some performance indicators such as profitability etc or through target identification. Holzer and Norreklit (1991) says that financial accountability control could be also exercised at the management level, where the managers could be held responsible for financial result s of the company such as net income, losses etc. In this way, decisions taken under the management accoun

Solving the Israel-Palestine Conflict Dissertation

Solving the Israel- nirvana Conflict - speaking ExampleMuslims back the Palestinian people, while the Western Christian countries back the Zionist country. Both the movements withstand demanded full legitimacy in the Holy land based on divine promises and historical rights that grant been derived from the Bible. According to Maoz (2013), Israeli does not consider Palestine a legitimate nation with any tie-up to Ertza Israel, but considers them as part of the greater Arab region. The paper in National Charter of 1964 as Maoz illustrates explains that Palestine is the homeland of Palestinians and are connected to the Zionist differentiate through historical, material, and religious ties. The Jews according to this paper realize no legitimate right over the land. A few Palestinian nationalists such(prenominal) as the Nashibis depicted close ties with the Jewish state, and even had proposed a harmonious Jewish-Arab cooperation and coexistence in the Holy land. However, they were n amed traitors and assassinated by oath Palestinians (Maoz, 2013). Similarly, the Israel Council for Israel -Palestine Peace (ICIPP), an Israel group had accepted and acknowledged the need to have a Palestinian state along the West bank in the late 1980s and early 1990s. However, similar conservative ideologies from the Zionist state thwarted such efforts (Maoz, 2013). ... Narratives according to Daoudi and Barrakat have the potential to indicate and perpetuate contravention, but can withal lead to a harmonious understanding, leading to a permanent solution to the conflict. The problem in the cardinal narrates is that both the Palestinians and the Israelites have much respect to the static narratives passed to them over generations critiquing such narratives on their ancestry and rights especially to the Holy land is a taboo. However, as Daoudi and Barakat (2013) observe, the respect in which such narratives are held makes it impossible to read/write head about what is not being narrated. For example, though the Palestinians and Israelites have narratives that portray Jerusalem as their Holy city, no narrative pauses the question of what is his tradition, his narrative, his culture, and other questions that could make it possible for the other side to think over and supra self-narrative, to the meaning and implication of the other partys narrative (Daoudi and Barakat, 2013). The collective memory linked to such narratives on Jewish and Palestinian rights regarding the Holy land becomes an obstacle to coexistence and reconciliation each party conceive their own narrative without taking time to look beyond such narratives. Therefore, the strong conservative ideologies dirty dog ancestry of the two different nations are the impediments towards finding a lasting solution to conflict in the West Bank and Gaza. Gorny (201090 explored the issue of understanding the other in formulating a solution to the current conflict between Palestinians and the Zionist stat e, and concluded that limitations in understanding the other and the strong religious conservative ideologies from the Palestinians

Situation Analysis and Marketing Objectives Assignment

Situation Analysis and market Objectives - Assignment ExampleThe report ends with a concise statement of selling objectives for thermionic valve that it needs to find push through in order to achieve its goals. Table of Contents Situation Analysis and merchandising Objectives 1 executive Summary 2 inception 4 Situation Analysis 5 Internal Environment 5 Product, Pricing, Promotion, and Placement 5 brand Market 6 Value-addition 6 External Environment 7 Competitors 7 Technology 7 prink Analysis 8 Strengths 8 Weaknesses 8 Opportunities 9 Threats 9 Marketing Objectives 9 References 11 Situation Analysis and Marketing Objectives 1 Executive Summary 2 establishment 5 Situation Analysis 6 Internal Environment 6 Product, Pricing, Promotion, and Placement 6 Target Market 7 Value-addition 7 External Environment 8 Competitors 8 Technology 8 SWOT Analysis 9 Strengths 9 Weaknesses 9 Opportunities 10 Threats 10 Marketing Objectives 10 References 12 Introduction Subway, the worlds number on e sub-marine sandwich franchise of 2011, was started by Fred DeLuca in 1965 to make coin for being able to pay his medical colleges tuition fee. Fred borrowed $1000 from Dr. Peter Buck, a family paladin who later on became his partner, to open his first sub-marine sandwich shop in Bridgeport, Connecticut. ... The menus of Subway franchises vary from post to location as it adapts to the cultural differences and preferences of its target consumers. The report presents a situational analysis of both the internal and remote environments of Subway to highlight the companionships target market, its objectives, competitive advantages, overall market analysis and its marketing strategies. It also presents a competitor analysis followed by a SWOT analysis of the company that indicates the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats presented by the internal and external environments of Subway. Marketing objectives will follow the SWOT analysis, laying the foundation for helping the company meet its objectives (Solomon et al, 2011). Situation Analysis Internal Environment Subways main objective is to allow its customers with wise and high quality sandwiches at all times. It also aims at establishing itself as a fresh and healthy sandwich maker in the fast-food industry. Product, Pricing, Promotion, and Placement Subway mainly deals in submarine sandwiches that atomic number 18 promoted like healthy and fresh sub-sandwiches. This was what Fred DeLuca started initially when he opened his first sandwich shop in Bridgeport. The company, however, expanded its product offerings with the passage of time and thus increased its menu from only sandwiches and salads to breakfast, sandwiches, salads, catering services, coffee, cookies and Kids meals. Subway has always targeted the upper and upper-middle class segments of the market therefore, their sandwiches do not come cheap. One of the franchisees, however, set out to increase his franchises sales and popularity by offering $5 Foot-long sandwiches which was later adopted by the company as a

How technology affects my life everyday Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

How technology affects my life everyday - sample ExampleThey have improved efficiency leading to increased productivity. Simultaneously, it has motivated people to be innovative in their application of technology, especially in education so that it can reach to still big number of learners. Technology has become intrinsic part of contemporary society and therefore it becomes very ticklish to envisage life without it. In case of emergencies like accident, mobile ph nonpareils greatly facilitate in inform others about it and get timely help which would otherwise have become quite impossible. Another cranial orbit is transport. Technology has considerably impacted transport system and made it easy for people to travel from one place to another. Regional and national boundaries have diminished and people can traverse great blank space at very short time. In the absence of use of technology in transport system, growth of societies and nations would have just remained a dream and n ot a reality. (words 258)

The financial impact upon Menzies Hotel Dissertation

The fiscal impact upon Menzies Hotel - Dissertation Examplefiscal Ratios36Financial Impact of the coup38Chapter 6 Conclusions and recommendations42Bibliography45Appendices51Appendix A. Ten people crimes and Organisational result52Appendix B. Key Issues to Address in Post-Merger Integration53Appendix C. Trompenaars Theories on culture54Appendix D. Survey Questionnaire55 plug-ins57Table 1.1. Financial Ratios of Menzies Hotels PLC as of January 200558Table 1.2. Financial Highlights Queens Moat Hotels Ltd. as of December 200459Table 2. Criteria on Interviewee Selection60Table 3. Summary of responses to Interviews61Table 4. Summary of Secondary Data on Relevant Theories63 hark of termsAcquisition When one business takes control of another, this is known as an acquisition. Investment banks and other financial institutions often have mergers and acquisitions (M & A) departments, to provide financial and other forms of support for these activities. Some acquisitions, like Daimler Benzs of Chrysler in 1998, be disguised as a merger for political reasons.Due Diligence An internal analysis by a lender, such as a bank, of existing debts owed by a borrower in order to strike or re-evaluate the risk an independent analysis of the current financial state and future prospects of a family in anticipation of a major investment of venture capital or a stock-exchange flotation a Venture Capitalist firms examination by its lawyers and auditors of the records, accounts and any legal documents of an existing business.Four-Star hotel Stars are apply to give the traveller an indication of the very least they can expect from the hotel. A four-star hotel is fully en-suite, with a Restaurant for cooked breakfast and dinner, often smallish with 50-80 bedrooms and friendlier places to... This discussion talks that people-related risks and liabilities have a substantial meat on the acquisition value - and the price. These need to be discovered with due diligence before the mint is closed. Suggests using a 360-degree due diligence to give the buyer a complete look at value and risk.Examined benefits accruing to target shareholders in the five-year period after the combination and recommend getting paid in cash, favor investing in acquirers that use tender offers, and that stock payments be used if overpriced. Target shareholders who suck cash must buy acquirer stock. Shows three ways to determine the value of something through financial valuation an income approach, a cost approach, or a market approach. Companies that pay attention to revenues and delivering on sum total return to shareholders instead of focusing exclusively on cost cutting are more in(predicate) at acquisitions. Problems with receivables can eat into the cash flow - and future revenues - of a newly formed company. vendee must ensure all supporting documentation on receivables sent as fast as possible to the new companys consolidated credit group. Should pooling of interests accounting be allowed In essence, when two firms combine, there are two methods that can be used to account for the combined value of the firm? They are the grease ones palms method and the pooling of interests method. In most cases, they yield radically different outcomes - with pooling resulting in a much freehanded income statement for years to come.

Strategic Management Case of Volkswagon and Suzuki Essay

strategic Management Case of Volkswagon and Suzuki - Essay ExampleStrategic management can be defined as a bundle of strategies that managers in an government activity adopt and implement to positively fix the direction of the organization. These strategies will normally affect the performance of the company, and are desired to give the company a competitive advantage over other industry players. A global strategic partnership involves devil or more organizations coming together and pooling resources in a bid to reach a wider commercialise and strengthen their competitive advantage (Jeschke, 2008). In todays business environs where there is commodious competition from various players in the market, strategic management becomes a very important tool for survival. Strategic management gives an organization a fresh way to look at the existing business environment to remain both profitable and relevant amidst competition. In a bid to achieve relevance, organizations also radio lin k up together in strategic alliances to jointly pursue opportunities either in the same direct environment or in a different one.The case between German carmaker Volkswagen and Nipponeses Suzuki is a classical case of how organizations pursue the concept of strategic alliances for gaining competitive advantage in their operations. The partnership between Volkswagen and Suzuki has been described by many analysts as a straightforward venture. This is because each organization had clear objectives that would easily be met upon the completion of the partnership.

What were the causes of the Second World War Essay

What were the causes of the siemens World War - Essay ExampleHitler desired the living shoes to be self-reliant. He wanted to over part the world and Europe. The accordance of Versailles had to be invoked if Hitler had his ways, paving the way to the Second World War. The aggression of allied forces too led to the Second World War. In Italy, Mussolini propagated Fascism and wanted to ease up a Roman Kingdom in the Mediterranean and Africa, to quote his charge on Abyssinia in 1935. another(prenominal) Allied power Japan desired a Nipponese rule in the Pacific, leading to chinaware and Australia, as is evident from Japans attack on Manchuria in 1931. All the three Allied nations, namely Germany, Italy, and France were against Communism of the USSR, thus, sowing the seeds of war among nations. Another cause of the Second World War was the passivity of the elective powers. USA was detached while France was not willing to stand in opposition to Germany. France could not wager on Britain and America for weather. Britain had a soft corner for recuperation of Germany between 1934 and 1937 and pacified Germany between May 1937 and bunt 1939. The Democratic powers could have hindered the path of Fascism before 1939 but preferred to remain in low-profile. The League of Nations failed in distancing the warring nations. Not a single factor could be blamed for the Second World War, as stated above but Hitlers expansionism was the sole reason to cause the Second World War. Fascism was also a leading reason, as bent on expanding and the inability of democratic countries to stop Mussolini from his beliefs in Fascism. at that place were 9 causes of the Second World War, which are discussed in detail below. 1. The Rearmament of Germany It happened during the Geneva Disarmament Conference held in 1932-4 wherein Hitler made it clear that because other countries were not reducing their military strength to that of Germany, Germany would increase its military power to th eir level. Till 1935 the process of rearmament of Germany was ongoing by establishing conscription and munitions factories. France reacted to the rearmament of Germany by strengthening the Maginot line built earliest between 1929 and 1934 because rearmament of Germany created insecurity in the region. The Maginot line was made of steel and concrete mixture for added strength from Belgium to Switzerland it was know as a gate without a fence, which Germany would not crossover and attack France through Belgium. Without the support of Britain, France never appeared on the front foot. Britain, on the other hand, was friendlier towards Germany than it was with France to actively support it. The Anglo German naval Treaty (June 1935) was the result of the sympathetic behavior of Britain towards Germany, which permitted the German Navy to be 35% of the size of the British majestic Navy. Hitler supported Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-9) with the ammunition at its disposal. Hitler se nt the Condor Legion of the Luftwaffe to attack Guernica on 26th April, 1937. Guernica was eliminated and Franco marched ahead winning the Basque areas of Spain. Hitler had used Spain as a testing ground. 2. The Remilitarization of the Rhineland (1936) Hitler seek breach of the Versailles Treaty once again after committing a breach once by walk to Cologne on 7th March 1936 with 30,000 soldiers. France could not gather the courage to come face-to-face with Germany militarily although amassing troop strength of 250,000 because Britain was not at its support. Britain expressed the opinion that Germany was marching into her own back yard. Hitler held a plebiscite on remilitarization to prove the support of its people, which was vehement to 98.8% in favor of Hitlers policy on militarization. This prompted Hitler to create his own defensive fortification, the Siegfried Line. 3. The

International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

International Marketing - Essay ExampleAnother eudaimonia of a quality outsourced customer care is the ability to provide flexibility. Outsourcing offers most companies an opportunity to diversify when they settle down to break down most of their operations and having both internal and external ways to operate. Q. 2. The main advantages of licensing as a trade entry strategy according to Cateora, Gilly and Graham (2011) include provision of supplementary profitableness with an early diminutive investment, brand recognition, provision of a way of circumnavigating extra charges, attractive return-on-investment rates and last low implementation costs. The main disadvantages of licensing include competition, inadequate participation resulting to lack of control and the likelihood of going away in returns. Examples of companies that use licensing as their market entry strategy include Disney Consumer Products and Phillips-Van Heusen. Q. 3. check to Keegan (2002), global strategica l partnership involves participants who remain autonomous after formation of the association, share profits of the association as salutary as control over performance of assigned responsibilities and lastly the participants involve in making go along contributions in intersections, expertise and other key strategic areas. Global strategic partnerships differ from joint menace since entry strategy for a joint venture involves a single prat country whereby associates prohibit up dividing the ownership of a newly created business entity. Global strategic partnerships involve collaborative agreements with more than than one target country. Part 2 Marketing Plan Ateks mission is to base everything that they do on quality that cannot be surpassed in the industry, manufacture complex medical devices, launch new products with expertise and providing experiences and resources that contain value. This is achieved with one goal in mind, which is to improve in the core areas important to consumers. The main marketing objectives for Atek are to help improve the speed of speed-to-market, product performance, and profitability in an atmosphere of high quality. This is achieved by launching millions of devices in the market that are aimed at satisfying each consumers specific ask so as to optimize the manufacturing process. The objectives are also accomplished by providing support that meets the consumers requirements. Ateks diddle term plan is to be the premier manufacturer and distributor in their market country which is the U.S. According to Wind & Douglas (1974), it would be relatively easier to market a new product to a target auditory modality in the U.S relatively than in other diversified locales if the manufacturing company is U.S. based. This is influence by factors like consumer awareness, target audience and product information. The criteria used in selecting the U.S. as a viable target market for this product was the size of the market. This market has diversity in both cultural and racial demographics hence making it a suitable market. Access to consumers was vital criteria since upon the manufacture of the devices, availing them to the target consumers with ease would be very important to Atek. alike the way consumers relate to product launches of this kind of nature was very important when selecting the market area. The cost of market reach is weighed against the cost of potential gain and from the past studies and researches done Atek from

Critical analysis of market access with regard to the ECJ rules on Outline

Critical analysis of market access with regard to the ECJ rules on chuck up the sponge movement of goods - Outline ExampleTo be noted in this regard, ECJ has imposed a few laws regarding the drop movements of goods and market integration within EU member states. ECJ has in addition imposed several laws that has emphasised environmental protection as well as social policies ensuring transparency and equality to a considerable extent2. ground on this understanding, the study intends to examine the pros and cons associated with the free movement of goods allowed by ECJ, to obtain a critical perspective of the market access enjoyed by participant countries. An elaborated rational give be delivered regarding the method to be used when considering the stated aim for this study. To be noted in this regard, as the study will hook up with a qualitative approach, it is important to determine the variables to be considered when performing the intended thematic analysis of the amass info rmation. With this emphasis, the chapter will hence discuss about the assumptions taken to interpret how market access to EU, for the member states as well as for the foreign nationals, are getting influenced by the prevailing free trade political science as per the ECJ.This chapter will elaborate on the importance of ECJ over internal market integration. This particular chapter will therefore contain a critical review of the viewpoints presented by researchers that will help to provide a detailed overview regarding the ECJs contribution towards the market integration. A methodological brief of the study will also be delivered in this section wherein the rationalisation will be provided concerning the selection of the belles-lettres. To be stated precisely, literature published within the span of past 10 years will be considered for the study, although this bar of the mentioned time period will be ignored when referring to cases. That is, cases must be relevant to free trade of go ods in EU and be registered under ECJ to be

Physical Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Physical Science - Essay Example fish gain is the dependent variable as its value is determined by another variable in the study, frequency of usage.The study will be implemented through an experimental design. This get on involves random excerption of research participants who are then assemblageed into experimental and control groups. Placement into either experimental or control groups are also done promiscuously. Treatment is then applied on the experimental group and data collection and data analysis follows. The research design is preferred for the study because of its strength in evaluating correlation relationship. Existence of experimental and control groups establishes ground for comparisons. In the study, 150 16-year-olds will be recruited, randomly from an academic institution. They will be informed of the scope of the research and their consent, together with their parents approval obtained. The students will be restrained from consuming French fries for two weeks a nd their weights measured. They will then be organized into one-third groups of 30 participants each, by random selection. One group, the control group will be restrained from victimization French fries, another group will be restricted to two times per week consumption of French fries and the third group allowed to take French fries three times a week. Discipline to the assigned consumptions rates will be monitored for four weeks.I shall assume the full right of designing and implementing the study. This will aim at ensuring diligence in implementation of the research design and reasoning by elimination of potential bias that could arise from self-interest of a contracted party.Data will then be collected for each group, after four weeks, and analysis for any significant difference in sozzled weight change across the groups done. Two approaches will be used for data analysis. The first approach will investigate possible difference in individuals weights

Organisation and management issues of Alcan Essay

validation and counselling issues of Al quite a little - Essay Examples mentioned earlier, aluminium is a long term, and excessively a capital-intensive business, and as far as Lynemouth is concerned, it had begun its operations in the year 1972, and one of the major costs of operation was the former that it had to use for the process of smelting, twenty fours hours a day, all year round. In the year 1990, the ingraft had round 780 employees, the majority of whom were male, and who had been with the plant since its inception. Work organization was traditional, and the work turnover was low. (Newell Scarbrough, 2002)There was in addition, a comprehension that the organization desired to impose changes, by using parts of already existing agreements, instead of involving the Unions. fleck the employees also reported that the management was not alt all communicative with them, the Union had to take up the cause, and it was requested that the management coope esteem with trade uni ons to establish a better relationship with the employees, because the productivity of the plant was declining as a result of dissatisfaction. Gradually, there was overcapacity with the opening of new plants, and the price of aluminium started to fall, and employment also started to decline from 56,000 to 46,000. In 1991, one of the two pot lines of the plant had to be closed down, and there was a redundancy of fifty percent of the entire workforce. With only one line of operation, Lynemouth was faced with great difficulties, and the management found that they would have to somehow raise efficiency levels immediately, so that production would be improved. Soon team working was brought in, with the cooperation of the trade unions, and in 1994, direct supervision was abolished, and in its place, team leaders were appointed to make out operations, but the problem was that he could... There are certain specific issues in the Alcan Case that can be analyzed, like change, teamwork, and t he managerial structure of the organization. Today, Alcan is entirely different in several aspects, from the Alcan of a classic four years ago. The company has grown operating earnings of 18% annual compound rate and has also managed to invest $8.8 billion for developing and to maintaining the growth of the organization, mainly through acquisitions and taking advantage of interior(a) opportunities, like for example, the expansion of the Alouette Center in Quebec. These were some of the numerous strategic investments that Alcan had embarked on in the modern past, and it is because of this that Alcan has been able to effectively strengthen its global presence, and also maintain its stability and sustainability. Today, it can be verbalise that the main strengths of the company lie in the unique combination of its whole and committed workforce, and also because of its strong network of operations. (Innovative aluminium and packaging Solutions Worldwide.In addition, its excellent c ustomer base, in combination with the managements determination to embark on and to maintain a sustainable and an innovative strategic alliance with its numerous customer and suppliers, making the organization one of the most dynamic and multilingual and multicultural organizations in the global worldly concern of today, with more than 70,000 employees in about fifty-five countries all over the world.

You Decide Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

You Decide - Coursework ExampleThe best return offering for this market segment would be the family portraits with a choice between an office matchless and one for home use. The reasoning behind this is that the corporate executives are busy the great unwashed who rarely have condemnation for home issues. Having a portrait that shows a whole family at the office could be just what these deal would love to have to remind them of home. Choosing a result offering for any market segment moldiness consider the needs, preferences, lifestyles, habits, ability to buy and the value it gives the customer (Kotler & Armstrong, 2010). High end customers are difficult to see because of varied preferences and customization may be required in many instances (Mullins & Walker, 2010).An online value proposition answers the questions who are we, what do we offer, who we serve and what makes us grotesque? The online value proposition is more than a proposition as it shows what a firm can offer usi ng content, products, services and or experiences to engage online customers (Kurtz, 2008). The company should use its unique technology as its online selling proposition. A variety of portraits should be availed on the website showing various product offerings with different versions of the same portrait available. The website should also give the executives an opportunity to make fast, secure payments for the portraits on the website reproach equity represents an intangible asset for any company and depends on the associations made by the customers. Strong score equity ensures a more stable stream of income, increases cash flow and is an asset that can be sold (Pride & Ferrel, 2010). Brand equity can be built basing on financials or on consumers. Our town Photography Studio brand equity should focus on building consumer loyalty in the brand. When people especially the executives have a strong liking for the firms products, chances are

Strategic Management and Strategic Competitiveness Research Paper - 6

Strategic Management and Strategic engagement - Research Paper ExampleIn the last few decades, globalization has become a decisive factor in affair, as it affects business in different ways. In the case of Kmart, globalization has light-emitting diode to increase contention in the market. For instance, Target and Wal-Mart are new entrants in the market, having come after Kmart. These by and by replaced Kmart as the leading retailer. In addition, consumers today have a wide range of options to choose from. With increased engine room that comes with globalization, consumers in America can now shop from other international companies, out of America. macrocosm operational only in Guam, the United States, and Puerto Rica, Kmart has not stabilized and diversified enough to adapt to the competition that is globalization presents. In addition, the company has not adopted technology to the required global standards, therefore, cannot fully puzzle out new business opportunities globally (Turner, 2003).Technology is an important factor in companies today, considering the benefits it presents. In Kmart, the factor of technology made it lag behind and lose it to Wal-Mart. This is because Kmart took a long period to adopt technology to the standards of its competitors. Wal-Mart, which is Kmarts main competitor, used technology since the early 1970,s as the key to its success. During these years, the company used computers in its stores, electronic cash registers, and used scanners to read UPC bar codes. Later, Wal-Mart started using virtual documents in placing orders and receiving shipping notices. Since Kmart did not persuade the initiative of integrating technology in its business, this made Wal-Mart have all the competitive advantage, as go technology brought effectiveness in the business. However, during the end of 1980s Kmart started to adopt advanced technology in its business process gradually. Nonetheless, the sluggish adoption of technology due to lack of

American Bar Association, Section of Environment, Energy, and Resources Essay Example for Free

American check Association, incision of Environment, Energy, and Resources EssayThe utility that is soon consec rankd by a regulatory commission or agency is electricity. The state, federal and local agencies regulate electricity that is delivered to the consumers while at the same time determining the rate of return for the utility. One of the major bodies that perform the duty of regulating electricity order is the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) (McGrew, American block Association, 2009). Regulation of electricity as one of the commonly used utility is done by regulatory agencies and governance that determine the prices that are charged. Apart from the regulation of prices of electricity that consumers are charged, the regulatory authorities also determine the terms of service to the consumers, the budgets and the various construction plans that have been put in out (McGrew, American Bar Association, 2009). Electricity is a crucial utility that nee ds to be regulated so as to ensure the protection of the consumers from unscrupulous retailers of the utility (McGrew American Bar Association, 2009). The regulatory rules laid refine help in treatedting the retail range that are charged on consumers while at the same time helping the retailers to recover the various expenses that they have incurred hence provide them with a rate of return on its capital that can be considered to be fair. Regulation of electricity retail rates by government agencies and regulatory commissions is also faced with the problem of allocating the common costs that are problematical in the regulation (McGrew, American Bar Association, 2009). Furthermore, the utilitys rate of return for the retailers is also impact by the politics, whereby this allows latitude that is involved in the setting of rates for the different consumers in the market (McGrew, American Bar Association, 2009). The regulation by the government as well as the regulatory agen cies and commissions also accept that the utility serves all the customers as well as be able in planning elaboration and additions of facilities for the purpose of anticipating growth in the market (McGrew, American Bar Association, 2009). Deregulation has been part of the strategy that has been rig to have some impact on the supply of electricity as well as the rates charged on electricity supply and distribution. According to the Federal Power Act (McGrew, J. H., American Bar Association, 2009), the wholesale price of electricity in addition to the charges on transmission, needs to be based on the costs of production (McGrew, American Bar Association. (2009). However, due to deregulation, the FERC tends to accept the prices that are set by the markets as long as the set standards by the agency are met. The main reason for this acceptance of prices set by the markets is to encourage and support competition inside the industry and reduce monopoly (McGrew, American Bar Ass ociation, 2009). The deregulation of the industry in general makes economic sense in that when there is sufficient competition. Competition within a market helps in the provision of quality service to consumers because each of the suppliers tries their best to attract customers (McGrew, American Bar Association, 2009). Therefore, it means that the rates charged on consumers will not be as spicy as when there is monopoly in the industry. The general policy by FERC of wanting to expand the role play by the markets as well as increase deregulation makes economic sense in terms of revenues that suppliers will make as well as a healthy market for consumers (McGrew, American Bar Association, 2009).ReferenceMcGrew, J. H., American Bar Association. (2009). FERC Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Chicago, Ill American Bar Association, Section of Environment, Energy, and Resources.Source document

Comparison of the Early Civilizations Essay Example for Free

Comparison of the Early Civilizations Essaypaleolithic and neolithic communities differed from each early(a) in m any(prenominal) ways, including their use of light beams, their hunting of animals and accumulation of food. First of all, the paleolithic people were the most rudimentary in their use of tools. They did not manipulate them in any way. A rock was just employ as it was for pounding or cutting a surface. In addition, the Paleolithic people were nomadic they traveled somewhat hunting and throng food. When the supply was exhausted in one place, they moved on to the next in small groups of about twenty or thirty people (Spielvogel, 2003). For this reason, the Paleolithic people were not able to take a crap stable communities. Their family and extended family made up their group, which could neverthelesstually die out if the conditions grew too harsh. in particular problematic was the Ice Age. Consequently, the Paleolithic people were very adaptable. They learned how to make fire, shelter and crude tools to hunt. They survived in this way until the end of the Ice Age in 8000 B. C. where cave drawings have survived them to reveal their existence to modern-day man (Spielvogel, 2003). Unfortunately, world issues forced the Paleolithic man into a new way of life.Hunting and gathering societies required huge areas of land, so as the population grew, so did the demand for land. In fact, Krieger (1994) estimates that for every 25 people the community needed at least 250 acres of land to sustain them. At the time, the population was about 10,000,000 people. Clearly a change was needed. However, the Neolithic people were named so because of the changes made in the sprint of living. The Neolithic people moved from crude tools to more sophisticated ones. They were able to take that rock from the Paleolithic era and manipulate it so that it formed a sharp edge, making that more of a tool for cutting.Later, to state of ward the end of the era, the peo ple discovered ways to melt certain rocks to form metals. In this way the Neolithic society foundered more sophisticated knives, axes and hammers (Spielvogel, 2003). The Neolithic people changed from hunting animals to raising animals for food and from gathering food to growing food. They became agricultural and thus were able to stay in the same place for a long time. This permanence allowed the Neolithic people to form communities and villages. As a result, they could develop products of their own and workmanship with neighboring communities.Art existed in the Neolithic as well, with some artisans even trading jewelry to other communities. As society progressed, the Neolithic age gave way to the Bronze age about 3000 B. C (Spielvogel, 2003). The civilizations that grew in the river valleys of the Nile and of the Tigris and Euphrates bore some resemblance to the earlier periods of man, but they also are characterized by some label differences. For example, geography played a rol e in these developments. First of all, the people were less nomadic than the Paleolithic people. They wanted to stay in the fertile areas mentioned above and to take advantage of its soil.However, because the rivers would sometimes flood, they were forced to develop methods of water control and irrigation in order to re chief(prenominal) there (Spielvogel, 2003). The first known society was that of the Sumerians in the Tigris and Euphrates river valley, otherwise known as Mesopotamia. They, like the earlier peoples, learned to build shelters, not with wood or stone, which the Paleolithic and Neolithic people used, but with the limited resources they had, namely mud and clay ((Krieger et al, 1994). Using these bricks, they erected buildings and even walls around their cities.They became the leaders of the countryside, forming political city-states. The dominant form of rule here was a theocracy. The Sumerians built temples and believed that gods control the cities and divinely chose the kings to do their biddings. Some people were thus noble, and other people were made slaves. However, the economy was similar to that of the Neolithic people in that it was based on agriculture and trade (Spielvogel, 2003). The Sumerians developed a form of writing called cuneiform, which is a form of picture writing. However, few people learned to write (Krieger et al, 1994).Unfortunately, other communities in the area noticed the power of the Sumerians and wanted what they had. The areas was not very well protected by any natural land forms or waterways, so attacking each other was easy and constant (Krieger, et al, 1994). Thus, war was perpetuated in the world of early man. The Mesopotamian area was in a period of empire building and fight states for over thousands of years. The Nile river valley also provided the same geographic necessities as the Tigris and Euphrates did for the Sumerians. Where the Nile divides (called the Delta) is a very similar geographically as the p eoples to the north.The flooding of the river provided very fertile lands, thus encouraging agricultural communities. The Nile was the main mode of transportation, so trade was relatively easy for these people. Unlike the people of the Mesopotamian communities, the Egyptians were secluded by deserts, the Nile, and the flushed and Mediterranean Seas. Their lifestyle was not marred or changed by continual warfare. Like the people of the Mesopotamia, theology was also very important. Again, the rulers were determined by divine prophecy, creating dynasties of ruling families.One of the most memorable and provoke aspects of Egyptian religions is the use of pyramids and grave goods for burial. The architecture of these pyramids was so sound that many of them still stand forthwith (Spielvogel, 2003). Art was also popular among the Egyptians as it was among the Sumerians and even earlier people. From the Egyptians, come many modern standards of living. Craftsmen used wood and metals to create sculptures, furniture and drawings. The Egyptians also developed a system of writing and began the basis of an educational system, especially writing and mathematics.These people are credited with inventing the calendar and the process of embalming the dead (Krieger, et al, 1994) The lives of the early civilizations were undoubtedly difficult. Our modern society owes a debt to these people for beginning the seeds of society that has become now a cheery and fulfilling way of life. References Krieger, et al. (1994). World History Perspectives on the Past. Massachusetts Heath. Ohio McGraw Hill. pp. 16-37 Spielvogel, Ph. D. , Jackson. (2003). World History. Ohio McGraw Hill. pp. 19-53

IVe Seen the Promise Land Essay Example for Free

IVe Seen the Promise Land EssayThrough understanding of his quarreles and similar past attractorship such as Moses and Jesus, it is clear how Dr. office established himself as the leader of the civil rights movement and his ken and strength led many to a better life filled with the freedoms that they had yearned for. The opening of this speech is inspirational yet it is also somewhat unexpected when put in the context of his other more known works. When asked by God what age he would exchangeable to live in, he describes some of the most historied and wondrous places of all time, such as Ancient Greece or the Renaissance. Then, with a powerful swoop in his voice, he says Strangely enough, I would turn to the Almighty, and say, If you dispense with me to live besides a few eld in the second half of the 20th century, I will be happy. Now thats a remote statement to moderate, because the world is all messed up. The nation is sick. Trouble is in the land confusion all a round. Thats a strange statement. barely I know, somehow, that only when it is dark enough tail assembly you see the stars. Martin Luther King junior knew that the time had come to finally address the issues that had been conflicted within him as well as countless others.He states, But now, no longer can they just talk about it. It is no longer a choice between violence and nonviolence in this world its nonviolence or nonexistence. He proceed his speech by delivering messages from Jesus and various biblical passages to show why it is so most-valuable that they move to be pushed forth and non remain idle. Even after their protest in Memphis they require to commemorate marching forward, literally and figuratively. This speech was not only inspiring for the civil rights movements, but can also be used as an inspiration and a guideline to overcome any injustice that can be inflicted onto someone. Dr.King believed that when men and women had the mission of doing Gods will and s tanding up for what is right, that this would allow them to no longer fear death. Once you pick out conquered those who had at one point unjustly conquered you, past you are free. In addition to all the functions Dr. King believed were needed to reach the Promised Land, the most important thing, though not directly stated by King, was the presence of an innate and inspirational leader who has a clear vision and the ability to express and correctly assert that vision onto those who want to quell injustice, on with the courage to fight against it himself.When you look at the difference between successful and also failed campaigns against injustice, the one thing that is always remembered is that in successful ones there was a leader who rallied his people. Moses was determined to lead the slaves out of Egypt and courtly it by uniting them with his cause. Another example is Abraham Lincoln when he organized those around him and passed the Emancipation annunciation of 1863. King Jr . embodied everything that Moses and Abraham Lincoln did for their people, and then some.Without him, the civil rights movement very well could look at died down and the world would not be where it is at today. With this in mind, there are 3 keystone moments in Dr. Kings life that made him into the visionary who took on all the arduous tasks that were determined before him. First is the time he spent in Birmingham Jail and the letter he wrote. sympathetic progressit comes through the tireless efforts of men willing to be coworkers with God, and without this hard work, time itself becomes an ally of the forces of companionable stagnation. This showed that he was willing to fight alongside his people and endure anything that they did, and that he would go to the greatest of lengths to make his point. The second and his most famous speech, I Have a Dream, delivered on August 28, 1963, not only sparked a fire under those who had already been involved, but additionally enlisted thos e who may not have had previously agreed with his beliefs or thought that change was not possible. It also gained global media attention and undefended his brilliance, showing what he truly envisioned for the future of his country.The third and final moment was his death the day after delivering his speech I See the Promised Land. His martyrdom was a symbol to all that things needed to, and were going to, change. From that very speech given in Memphis, he preached Well, I dont know what will see now. Weve got some difficult days ahead. But it really doesnt matter with me now, because Ive been to the mountaintop. And I dont mind. Like anybody, I would like to live a long life. Longevity has its place. But Im not concerned about that now. I just want to do Gods will. And Hes allowed me to go up to the mountain.And Ive looked over. And Ive seen the Promised Land. I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight, that we, as a people, will get to the promised land In his s peech Ive Been to the Mountaintop, King delved into the current status of the civil rights movement and how he saw that the future was bright, as long as people continued to persevere in the face of adversity, and did not allow the resistance to deter them. He believed that they had come too far to let it slip away, and even without him as their leader he knows they can accomplish it.As with all other successful movements, a leader who is highly persuasive, motivational, and is willing to do anything for what he believes in is key. For Dr. King, there were three crucial moments in his life that influence him to become such, and they are his prison time and letter from Birmingham Jail, his I Have a Dream speech, and his martyrdom. These not only made him the face and leader of the civil rights movement, but arguably the greatest and most prestigious leader in history. Bibliography King, Martin Luther Jr. Ive Been to the Mountaintop. Speech, Memphis, Tennessee, April 3, 1968. Ameri can Rhetoric. http//www. americanrhetoric. com/speeches/mlkivebeentothemountaintop. htm King, Martin Luther Jr. Letter From Birmingham Jail. (letter, Birmingham, Alabama, April 16, 1963. African Studies Center-University of Pennsylvania, http//www. africa. upenn. edu/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham. html 1 . Martin Luther King Jr. , Ive Been to the Mountaintop (speech, Memphis, Tennessee, April 3, 1968), American Rhetoric, http//www. mericanrhetoric. com/speeches/mlkivebeentothemountaintop. htm 2 . King Jr. , Ive Been to the Mountaintop (April 3, 1968) 3 . Martin Luther King Jr. , Letter From Birmingham Jail (letter, Birmingham, Alabama, April 16, 1963), African Studies Center-University of Pennsylvania, http//www. africa. upenn. edu/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham. html 4 . Martin Luther King Jr. , Ive Been to the Mountaintop (speech, Memphis, Tennessee, April 3, 1968), American Rhetoric, http//www. americanrhetoric. com/speeches/mlkivebeentothemountaintop. htm

Various Definitions of Hegemony and Pax Americana Essay Example for Free

Various Definitions of Hegemony and pax Americana EssayThe politics of hegemony is an important area of political science. During the pax Americana period that is, later on WWII the linked States is cognize to have helped the creative activity establish scotchal order (Samuelson, 2006, p. A31). Moreover, the U. S. is known to have assisted other countries with economic aid and in reconstruction efforts, for example, with the surface-known Marshall Plan (Hogan, 1989, p. 1-25). Heardon (2002) key outs the join States as an architect of a new world order during the Second World state of war. Hence, it is important to comprehend the power of the U. S. in the devolve of various descriptions of hegemony. The word, hegemony, is known to have its roots in the Greek verb, hegeisthai, meaning to lead (What is Hegemony, 2007). In the superannuated Greek civilization the term applied to leaders that were able to influence and exert a wondrous amount of control over crowds of people. The hegemons had to be supported by at least one ascendant group so as to keep the common people from rebelling against established leaders (What is Hegemony).Watson (2002) refers to two meanings of hegemony in Inter farmingal Relations One has to do with the distribution of power in a system. Not provided military force, but also technical and financial strength. The other meaning is the dominance of a ill-tempered idea or set of assumptions, such as economic liberalism and globalization (p. 1). Certainly the second definition of hegemony in International Relations can non be applied to a country that influences other countries, for example, the fall in States since the kickoff of the Pax Americana period.The prototypal definition of hegemony in International Relations, on the other hand, may aptly describe the power of the British Empire in the mid-nineteenth century, and of the United States during the period known as Pax Americana (Pigman, 1997, p. 186). Watson writes that the first definition is a material condition enabling a great power, or a group of powers, or the great powers in a system acting collectively, to bring such great pressures and inducements to knuckle under that most other states lose some of their freedom of action de facto, though not de jure (p. 1). Also gibe to the author, the Western worlds hegemony in our times, and especially that of the United States, has aimed to alter the internal behaviour of other countries as well as societies (Watson, p. 1). The implications of change of internal behaviour induced by powerful countries intensify the two definitions of hegemony in International Relations (Watson, p. 1). As an example, if the Western world, and especially the United States, manages to convert a large number of countries into believers in economic liberalism as well as globalization these ideas proposed by hegemonic societies would be considered the dominant ones.Likewise, the Western world has its own id eas about human rights in appendix the environment and the standards of civilization, which emit to be prominent today seeing that the world media is by and large controlled by the Western civilization (Watson, p. 1). All the akin, the world at large has not adopted these ideas as their own, which suggests that the second definition of hegemony in International Relations cannot really be applied in our time. correspond to Ferguson (2003), hegemony of the United States during the period referred to as Pax Americana was base on four pillars.The first pillar was completely economic, as the economy of the United States outperformed most of its competitors in the twentieth century. The second pillar of U. S. hegemony related to the countrys power to gain ground multilateral, mutually balanced tariff reductions under the General Agreement on Tariffs and care (later the World Trade Organization) (Ferguson). During the Kennedy Round negotiations of 1967, reductions in tariffs were achieved mainly due to pressures from the United States (Beck, 1970, p. 33-36).Pressures were exerted through conditionality, that is, the terms that the International Monetary Fund, based in Washington D. C. , applied to grant loans (Ferguson). The third pillar of U. S. hegemony may be understood by the way the U. S. dollar was presented by the U. S. government as a key currency, both before and after the breakdown of the Bretton Woods institutions (Ferguson). This allowed the U. S. to be less restrained than other nations as far as irrelevant investment and strategic policymaking were concerned (Ferguson).Subsequently, the world experienced the hegemony of the U. S. dollar, granting extensive privileges unto the United States (Ferguson Paul, 2006). The fourth pillar, according to Ferguson, was the upkeep of hegemony by the United States through its ability to formally constitute an alliance of states in other words, NATO which was move to the containment of two rival superpo wers (Ferguson). In fact, the chief responsibility assumed by NATO has been to secure Europe and the United States against military attacks (Frequently Asked Questions, 2008).If we were to believe that Pax Americana continues to this day, the conventional definition of hegemony in International Relations is comme il faut to help us understand the period since 1945. After all, the United States has maintained its leadership position among the countries of the world by using its military power as well as economic and technological strength, disrespect the fact that its use of military force has been disapproved by many nations. (The very meaning of Pax is peaceableness). Furthermore, even the recession of 2008 has not given the world a new leader dethroning the United States.Noam Chomsky believes that the live recession is not expected to end U. S. hegemony in any case (Rattansi, 2008). All the same, Antonio Gramscis definition of hegemony cannot inform the position of the U. S. from 1945 to 2008, seeing that this definition may only describe a leading nation that is respected by the subordinate groups for all its decisions (Hegemony in Gramscis Original Prison Notebooks). The fact that the United States decisions during the Vietnam War were not supported by the American public and the world at large stick out Wallersteins (2002) hypothesis that Pax Americana essential have ended during the Vietnam War.Foster McChesney (2004) write that the end of the Vietnam War was the time when the mask of the American Empire was lifted. The period called Pax Americana was revealed as imperialism pure and simple (Foster McChesney). This is because the chairperson of the United States could no longer explain the foreign policy of his nation as based on the liberation of man and the survival of liberty (Foster McChesney). Hence, Gramscis definition of Pax Americana may only explain the period between 1945 and the Vietnam War, when the United States was considered a helper and facilitator rather than a hostile imperialist nation.According to Gramsci, hegemony refers to political power flowing from moral, intellectual and political leadership as well as consensus or authority instead of military force. Thus, a ruling class may form as well as maintain hegemony in a civil society by the creation of political and ethnical consensus using political parties, unions, media, schools, the church, and various other kinds of voluntary organizations that exercise hegemony over social groups in addition to allied classes (Hainsworth, 2000). These organizations of persons, the media, as well as information that flows from them control the behaviour and thinking of the people by presenting them with dominant ideologies, thereby creating a state of domination (Hainsworth). Moreover, the leading class may hold great power over the people than the government, according to Gramsci. Besides, all decisions made by the leading class must be democratic in nature . In particular, the subordinate groups should agree with the leading class in matters of economic development as well as legislation, seeing that the people are significantly affected by decisions in these areas.The leading class is allowed by the people to use force against hostile groups. Just the same the force used by the leading class should not exceed the consent of the people (Hegemony in Gramscis Original Prison Notebooks). The work of the United States during the period, 1945 to the Vietnam War, may definitely be understood in the light of Gramscis definition of hegemony. U. S. financiers and corporations along with the U. S. government formed the leading class, with the financiers and corporations playing a major(ip) role and the government simply voicing their interests through new plans and negotiations with the rest of the world.The role played by the U. S. government on behalf of the ruling class, that is, the financiers and corporations, is comparable to the present role of the media. All the same, it is obvious that the functions of the United States during Pax Americana if it is believed to be the period, 1945-Vietnam War were entirely democratic. As a matter of fact, the ideologies of the United States during this period were approximately entirely accepted by the rest of the world. The U. S. continued to foster enmity with the Soviet Union. Even so, the subordinate groups did not disagree with this stance of the United States.As the U. S. promoted anticommunist ideologies, subordinate classes preferred them to communist ideologies. Thus, the United States had managed to dominate almost the entire world with its moral, intellectual, and political ideologies.ReferencesBeck, R. H. (1970). The Changing Structure of Europe Economic, Social, and Political Trends. Minneapolis, MN University of Minnesota Press. Ferguson, N. (2003, Sep-Oct). Hegemony or Empire? Foreign Affairs. Foster, J. B. , McChesney, R. W. (2004, Sep). The American Empire Pa x Americana or Pox Americana. Monthly Review. Frequently Asked Questions. (2008, Jun 11). northeasterly Atlantic Treaty Organization. Retrieved downslope 10, 2008, from http//www. nato. int/issues/faq/index. html. Hainsworth, S. (2000, May 17). Gramscis Hegemony Theory and the Ideological Role of the Mass Media. Retrieved Dec 10, 2008, from http//www. cultsock. ndirect. co. uk/MUHome/cshtml/contributions/gramsci2. html. Hearden, P. J. (2002). Architects of Globalism Building a New World Order during World War II. Fayetteville University of Arkansas Press. Hegemony in Gramscis Original Prison Notebooks. Retrieved Dec 10, 2008, from http//socserv2. mcmaster. ca/soc/courses/soc2r3/gramsci/gramheg. htm.

The Role of Women in Arthurian Romances Essay Example for Free

The Role of Women in Arthurian Romances EssayIt is a popular format that a woman is the lead character in contemporary romances. But not in stories form the nerve centre ages. They are typic altogethery dominated by men and women are scarcely damsels in bother. Kings and knights are more likely the words that come to mind when discussing about stories from the middle ages. Also, the middle ages is an era known for gender bias against women. They were usu aloney depicted as helpless damsels in distress in need of help from a knight. Even the women of high status such as promote are portrayed with weakness in character and dependency on men.A kingdom is a male dominated-social setting, thats why they are aptly called king-dom. Women have been mistreated as mans property during this time. They were treated as rewards for battles and can be used for payment of a mans debt. Of course, it is a usual observation that women are obviously not more glorified than men in these stories. Some were portrayed unfaithful and impure. It is easy to conclude that the women were mere companions and damsels-in-distress. In many cases, these women were subjected to violence and exploitation.In some occasions, some women were even treated as property by men that can be used as payment for a mans debt (Gravdal 141). In The Knight with the Lion, thirty of the fairest maidens, each year, were used as payment for a young kings freedom (Troyes 270). In Arthurian romances, women are given roles that differ from typical middle age stories. The roles maybe different, but all are crucial in Arthurian romances (Fester 59-61). Women are more empowered and are given often important roles in the stories. They are more evenly distributed within the plot.In Chretien de Troyes The Knight of the Cart, a woman is always present and interacting with the hero, Lancelot, in every scene. In The Knight and the Lion, of the same author, all of Yvains knightly deeds were requests from maidens. A ve ry logical speculation why Chretien de Troyes depicted women in such an empowered manner is because he dedicated these stories to a woman, to Marie, countess of Champagne. The countess was a patron of his works at that time. She supplied him some sources for the stories. (Troyes 170)The presence of women in Arthurian romances highlighted the knights admirable courtesy to women. There is an typeface in The Knight in the Cart that Lancelot was seduced by a woman to sleep with her. He refused the raise because he was focused on his quest to rescue Guinevere (Troyes 87). A knight seems to always help a maiden without question. In this sense, women have some sort of authority over men. In the first carve up of The Knights of the Cart, Kay announced that he wanted to leave court. King Arthur begged him to him not to go, but failed. King Arthur asked butt Guinevere for help.We can see that the king feels powerless in this particular situation. He has no person in mind that can help him in this dilemma other than Queen Guinevere (Troyes 171). With this, Chretien de Troyes had already incorporated authority to Queen Guineveres character right from the very start of the story. The significance of women is probably most express in The Knights of the Cart. Queen Guinevere is probably the most popular among the women in the realm of Arthurian romances. Guinevere could be soft accused of macrocosm weak in character because she is very susceptible to being kidnapped.She was entangled in a fare triangle with King Arthur and Lancelot and had easily fallen for Kay request of taking her with him that resulted to her abduction (Troyes 172). But being weak in character is very far from what is Guineveres role in this story. She has a certain(p) power over the king that he asks her opinion about issues. She has also unexplainably, if not for the word love, inspired the knight Lancelot into a quest wherein no ordinary man can accomplish. Lancelot was finding it aphonic to defeat Meleagant in a swordfight.But when he took sight of Guinevere, he fought with renewed energy and defeated his opponent. There are some instances that Lancelot was on the brink of giving up his quest. But when he thinks of Guinevere, he is renewed with strength and determination (Fenster 229-34). I a certain angle, we can view Guineveres familiarity with Lancelot as a form of woman empowerment. King Arthur, like most kings, had taken other women subsequently Guinevere. What she did was only giving justice to what his husband did. She didnt choose to be passive of what is happening.

Why Energy Drinks Are Unhealthy Essay Example for Free

Why force Drinks Are Unhealthy EssayA hand out of race swallow postcode swallows now, especially young mint and teenagers. Adults sup red-faced Bull and Monsters as well explaining it that strong coffee doesnt help them. Of course, good deal expression good when they sop up efficiency drinks. Energy drinks chip in become touristy among students in preparation for exams, office workers who do non have duration to meet the deadline, about athletes (in fitness clubs), tired drivers and clubbers for anyone who is tired, but should feel fresh and full of energy. After inebriety the energy drink, you at one period feel a surge of strength, vitality, improves mood and increases the re proceedingion rate.If we comp are the effect of energy with a cup of coffee, it is many beats greater than it, and lasts a long time. From time immemorial people have occasiond stimulants. Thus, in the Middle East people to have strength and energy drink coffee, in China and Asia tea in Africa cola nuts. Magnolia, Ginseng, Aralia were popular in Siberia. Energy drinks have appeared in the late twentieth century. A businessman from Australia after a trip to Asia has decided to establish manufacturing engineers. The starting energy drink on an industrial scale was ruby-red Bull. Energetic quickly won the discern of the consumer along with Coca-Cola and Pepsi.To taste all the energy drinks are non much different from to simple soda. still we know that the manufacturers add vitamins, carbohydrates, and even caffeine. And all this is done to a man tormented life immediately cheered up, felt a surge of strength and in the end felt an interest in this real life. There are doubts? It is know that the composition comprises carbonated beverage energetic water, sugar, and a mysterious color. As they say, drink to your health The portions of energy drinks are not chosen by chance. Carbohydrates are charged with energy, vitamins bring up the heftinesss, and caf feine invigorates.Incidentally, the caffeine they adjudge roughly the same as a cup of coffee. Today, scientists and experts opinions are change integrity some believe energy drinnk is quite prostituteless, as the regular soda, while others argue that they mickle act like drugs, and certainly addictive and dependency. Jane E. Brody (2011) writes that numbers of scientists are worried intimately highly caffeinated beverages like Red Bull, Rockstar, Monster and Full Throttle, which are popular among teenagers and young adults. People who regularly drink energy drinks should guide care. By drinking one standard drink brush asides periodic drug of caffeine is the normal dose.It is not exceeded but two or more piece of tails it is above the norm for most people. Regularly abvictimization caffeine can lead to problems such as nervousness, irritability, drowsiness, frequent urination, arrhythmia, and dyspepsia. The simultaneous use of energy drinks and some antidepressants, suc h as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, may cause pupil dilation in humans. (Sara M. , 2010) I acquire a pitiable news article Boy pass overed after Red Bull gourmandize from BBC News. This article says that fifteen years old boy from Hummersknott Comprehensive School was taken to hospital in Darlington after drinking eight cans of energy drink Red Bull.Of course this is the most common energy drink ingredient and most of you know the side effects, but the list wouldnt be round without it. Its hard to pinpoint a safe dose because it varies from person to person and check to a persons tolerance. Between 500 milligrams to vitamin C0 milligrams in a 24 hour halt will probably result in side effects. (Energy Drink Side Effects) The main active component of energy drinks caffeine, which increases the physical capabilities. In amounts up to 6 mg / kg it actually has a confirmatory effect with a minimum negative impact.(Caffeine Health Clarifying the Controversies) However , today there are no established norms for the use of caffeine in the energy sector, as they relate to food additives. If soft drinks, according to the norms of FDA, the caffeine content cannot exceed 20 mg / ml, the power of one bank can check up on 505 mg of caffeine its like to drink 14 cans of Coca-Cola. Too much caffeine can harm health, making overconsumption of energy drinks risky. Insomnia, heart rhythm disturbances, osteoporosis, heart disease, anxiety and miscarriage are all conjugate to excessive caffeine consumption. (EmaxHealth, 2010, para.4).Katherine Zeratsky (2012), Resource Drainer, tells With the growing popularity of energy drinks, many parents have become c one timerned about how much caffeine their kids are getting. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that adolescents get no more than 100 milligrams of caffeine a day. Younger children shouldnt drink caffeinated beverages on a regular basis. (Nutrition and healthy eating, para. 6) Young people just p ours into an energy drink the market of soft drinks is 20 million liters per year. Even more popular alcoholic cocktails containing energy. But for some reason so wins and successful people will no long-life be.But some are altogether in a hospital bed. Consisting of caffeine and taurine, which are barely using energy reserves of the body, without giving anything in return. So, its like a car the more we load the motor, the faster we go, the more wear on the engine. That is why at first regular use of energy drinks enough 1 2 cans, and then all the time necessary to increase the dose to the body using even their innermost reserves of energy stored in an extreme case. But colony specialists say, not as segment of anything is not contained. However, the researchers note that the taste of power engineers and other carbonated drinks are not bad.The liquid from the reel to drink constantly and it is not boring unlike, for example, from ordinary water with sugar. At the same time hooked to the power not only to avid party-goers. Pour tired students and honors students to meliorate prepare for exams, young professionals, so as not to waste precious time in sleep, and time to make money. I read web article Surrey school bans high-energy drinks from BBC website. It tells about Oxted School in Britain. A Surrey school has banned its pupils from drinking high-energy drinks because of their impact on behavior.A spokesman for the energy drink, Red Bull, said it does not recommend its beverages to caffeine-sensitive individuals, including children. The rapid release of adrenaline, increased mental activity, after a short time leads to a decrease in strength. After drinking an energy drink you have to perish your body time to recover and take out caffeine. An overdose of caffeine causes nervousness, irritability, lack of sleep and appetite. With semipermanent regular use of caffeine appear cramps, stomach pain, and deterioration of the nervous system. For children it is most harmful drink. curiously if they drink it more than they can.In addition to the caffeine in energy drinks high in sugar, which can also lead to short-term increase in the activity of the brain. These drinks are quite high in calories, so now they are released in a lightweight version with a sweetener. These drinks do not break-dance additional impetus to energy. High levels of refined sugar especially high fructose clavus syrup are known to lead to weight gain and diabetes. Most of the more popular brands contain 18-39 grams of sugars, which not only will supply to developing diabetes and weight gain, but do not contribute to long-term energy.Glucuronolactone one of the essential metabolite of glucose in the human body. Is also found in cereals, red wine, some vegetable resins. It is an important component of connective tissue. No power does not possess properties somewhat improves the excreta of toxic metabolic products. In the energy drinks contain in an amount exceeding the natural daily production in the 250-500 times. (Energy Drink Facts, para. 8) Taurine another commonly used components. This is sort of a natural component, an amino acid that is also present in appreciable amounts in meat and fish.However, when we use pompous foods, our bodies naturally get taurine in the right quantities. Taurine is best absorbed with vitamin B6. Energy drinks give us more taurine than necessary. Taurine combined with caffeine is toxic to the body. (Side Effects of Taurine, para 4) Studies have shown no significant negative side effects in taurine dosages up to 6 grams a day. Energy drink levels of taurine typically are between 50 to 100 milligrams. Excess taurine is eliminated in the urine. One potential positive side effect associated with taurine supplements is for people undergoing chemotherapy.Certain chemotherapy medications can severely decrease a patients taurine levels, and taurine supplementation may make the patient feel better. Chemothe rapy patients should speak with their doctors before beginning taurine supplements. (Side Effects of Taurine, para 4) Guarana a tropical plant with a strong antioxidant effect. Its fruits contain high amounts of caffeine and have tonic properties. Guarana is a medicinal plant. In guarana contains 5. 5% amide Resin 7%, 0. 6% saponin, and traces of amino acids, adenine and guanine, sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium and vitamin B1.(Katherine Zeratsky, 2012) Guarana seeds can be used to treat headaches, fever, cramps against, as an aphrodisiac. Used guarana seeds for prevention of bacterial infections, as a tonic and tonic as a stimulant. Performance and endurance with the use of guarana increased. Guarana is useful in the treatment of migraine and neuralgia. Guarana helps in the fight against obesity by inhibiting hunger and promoting the destruction of the fat. And for people with chronic fatigue syndrome guarana an indispensable plant. Guarana, along with ginseng, is removed from muscle tissue lactic acid. Decreasing the sensitivity to pain during exercise.Prevent the occurrence of atherosclerosis, purify the liver. As part of the energy drink guarana and ginseng derive a variety of toxins and are exciting to people. However, the doctors and then unploughed in the confirmation of the exciting action. Guarana comes from plants native to South America. Amazonians have used it for a long time to increase alertness and energy. Its more dense in caffeine than coffee beans (3-4% vs 1-2%). Its not just called caffeine because it contains a couple other things theobromine and theophylline. Theyre found in coffees and teas and are known stimulants.Marketing will sometimes call this one guaranine, as if its something different. Its not. Some people do respond differently to the version of caffeine in guarana compared with regular caffeine. Some report that guarana whole kit and boodle better, while others believe it doesnt have as good of a stimulating effect. (Energy Drinks Ingredients, para. 8) In using the energy drink people, in addition to the guaranteed caffeine stimulation (the same as when using, for example, coffee), swallows a too large question mark because of the effects of combinations of such substances in such doses is simply no data.Also, do not forget that they themselves drink any energy in itself does not contain. They only mobilize internal reserves, literally squeezing them out of cheerfulness. This effect requires a sufficient rest to follow recovery. When an advertisement promises you a jar of energy drink to regain the energy, know that it is a fraud, the energy you expend their own. Sooner or subsequently you will have to return the vigor and energy, taken from the body into debt. If the girl drank energy drink once a month, its easy to cheer her and not feel the moment of the return energy of the debt.If the energy drink used regularly, the body is unable to recover, and in that case, unavoidable harm to the bo dy shattered nervous system, cardiovascular system wear, and a person has a dependence on energy.As you can see the arguments against is greater than the arguments for. And yet, it is possible in your life may come a time (hopefully, one-time), when you feel the need to drink a bottle of energy drink. In any case take care of yourself. References Boy handle after Red Bull binge. (2008, February 20). BBC. Retrieved from http//news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/wear/7255306. immediate memory Blanchard K.(2010, August 17).Energy drink risks may outweigh benefits. EmaxHealth.Retrieved from http//www. emaxhealth. com/1020/energy-drink-risks-may-outweigh-benefits Brody J. E. (2011, January 31). Scientists see dangers in energy drinks. New York Times Magazine. Retrieved from http//www. nytimes. com/2011/02/01/health/01brody. html? _r=1 Caffeine Health Clarifying The Controversies. International food information council foundation. Energy drink facts. Healthy major planet diet. Retrie ved from http//www. healthyplanetdiet. com/energy-drink-facts. html Energy drink side effects.Energy fiend. Retrieved from http//www.energyfiend. com/energy-drink-ingredients Sara M. Seifert, BS, Judith L. Schaechter, MD, Eugene R. Hershorin, MD, Steven E. Lipshultz, MD (2010). Health Effects of Energy Drinks on Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults. Pediatrics. Retrieved from http//pediatrics. aappublications. org/content/early/2011/02/14/peds. 2009-3592. abstract Surrey school bans hight-energy drinks. (2010, March 25). BBC. Retrieved from http//news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/surrey/8586893. stm Zeratsky K. (2012, March 27) Nutrition and healthy eating. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from http//www. mayoclinic. com/health/energy-drinks/AN01303.

Effect of a Narcotic Antagonist on an Addict Essay Example for Free

Effect of a Narcotic Antagonist on an Addict EssayAddictive ailments atomic number 18 described by the constant tap of a drug like cocaine, amphetamines, heroin, alcohol, and other(a) related drugs (McDo well up, 1999).These ailments ofttimes caused by the following the increase of tolerance for such(prenominal) drugs, requiring further increase on amounts to pull attain the preferred outcome material colony, differentiated by a series of definite indications and physiological signs like, for example, the force out or self-denial condition on termination of use of the particular drug and neurotic drug-pursuit manners, with persistent, habitual, or irregular use, notwithstanding potential impairment not only to self but too to others. Starting in the first years of 1960s, studies and researches have been mounting in the biology of addictive ailments and disorders, and splendor has transferred from only psychosomatic, epidemiological, and sociological studies to examinatio ns of the neurobiological, molecular, and metabolic sources of drug-dependence (McDowell, 1999). The four firstly addictive ailments and disorders atomic number 18 alcoholism, cocaine, narcotic (or opiate) addiction, and other nicotine addiction, and stimulant addiction (McDowell, 1999).Drug dependence may also transpire attendant to constant exploit of other sorts of means like benzodiazepines, marijuana, and barbiturates. In 1973, opiate mediator, which functions to serve as an agent involving the opioid and the physiological re characterizationions, overwhelmingly recognised in mammals which include human beings. From then on, it has been identified that there are no less than one-third diverse sorts of opioid agents such as the following delta receptors, kappa receptors, and mu receptors.Opioids consist of materials that are created by the endocrine system such as the endorphins, dynorphins, and enkephalins, and may be manufactured artificially (Stine Kosten, 1997). Exogeno us artificial opioids are employed riotously in the management of pain. Treatment using narcotic adversary like Naltrexone for opiate dependents is typically carried out in patients who are being treated outface medical asylums though the start of the prescription regularly begins subsequent to therapeutic detoxification in an outpatient cases (OMalley, 1998).Naltrexone has extended side effects. It is an artificial opiate adversary with a small number of side effects that is employed through oral in-takes either every day or every cardinal times in a week for a continuous period of time. Patients who undergo narcotic antagonist interposition must be medically cleansed and free from opiate substances for couple of days before naltrexone can be administered to put off the tendency of opiate asceticism syndrome.When employed this way, all the upshots of self-managed opiates, as well as euphoria, are entirely obstructed. The presumption behind such management is that the frequent a nd continual deficiency of the preferred opiate outcomes, with the probable ineffectiveness of taking the opiate, will progressively and eventually bring in infringement on the coercion of opiate dependence. Naltrexone itself does not have personal upshots or probable for exploitation and is not addicting (OMalley, 1998).However, the patients cooperation is the foremost requirement such that refusal of such treatment is really a frequent predicament. Thus, a positive treatment result needs that there should also be a constructive medical rapport, valuable depth psychology or psychotherapy, and cautious monitoring of prescription observance. Patients soothed on naltrexone can perform jobs, prevent misdeeds and transgressions as well as hostility, and subside their contact to HIV.Lots of knowledgeable and skilled medical-psychological therapists have acknowledged the effects of naltrexone as the most practical and functional for extremely aggravated, freshly detoxified drug-depende nts who wish total withdrawal from drug addiction because of outside factors including damaged experts, probationers, parolees and prisoners who are granted a work-release status (OMalley, 1998).Patients neutralized on naltrexone can act just as how normal people do. They can perform jobs, prevent misdeeds and hostility of the street traditions, and decrease their contact to HIV by discontinuing drug exploitation and drug-related high- risk sexual behavior (Stine Kosten, 1997).

Debate on Creationism Essay Example for Free

Debate on Creationism EssayINTRODUCTION The dispute between representatives of the motley fields of information and religious representatives is single that will last for more decades (if not centuries) to come, as to each one one of the two camps confirms that its view of the universe, the beginning of life, and the meaning of human being is the correct one and the one that should be, therefore, passed on to the next generations. This debate, that in some cases reached the level of confrontation, started many centuries ago when the Church rejected many of the scientific views that were presented by scientists. And this resulted, in certain events, in severe punishments that were carried out against those scientists. The specific case of the tiptop 481 that was introduced to the 2001-2002 session of Ohios General Assembly claiming to improve the efficiency of science education in schools, was specifically make in order to allow the principles and the ideas of what is calle d brilliant externalize in the science classes of public schools.Intelligent approach pattern is not that different from Creationism they both claim that the universe came to being as a result of a supreme being (God) that created it and created and everything else including humans with their present shape and form a few thousand long time ago and that, therefore, evolution did not back out place.There are small variations between ID and Creationism for example, ID proponents do not call the supreme being with the title used by the various religious texts, they call Him Intelligent Designer they do not confirm that notion that the entire universe was created several thousands years ago, and they do not claim, for instance, that humans walked the earth along with the Dinosaurs. WHAT IS SCIENCE?In order to be able to control if Creationism or Intelligent Design raft be admitted into science classes, we need to understand if they qualify to be considered science. Science, or what is also called as the scientific method, is the human technique of understanding the various natural phenomenon and the laws that order each factor within these phenomenon in a way that is testable, repeatable, and approvable through practical tools that are agree upon by all.From the above mentioned definition, it is evident that beliefs, personal opinions and supernatural forces are not permissible in the ground of science. Creationism and Intelligent Design rely solely on belief systems that were produced by religious thought and they take certain foundations of understanding the universe as fact when they cannot be put to test, and they cannot provide any hold upon natural evidence to support their claims.We cannot find any element in any one of them that can be proven through testing or through repeatability. As we can understand, Intelligent Design and Creationism are not science they are simply belief systems originating from religious thought In the mid-seventies and 19 80s, that earthist movement recast the Bible version in the language of scientific inquiry as creation science and won legislative victories requiring equal time in some states. That is, until 1987, when the Supreme Court infatuated down Louisianas law.Because creation science relies on biblical texts, the court reasoned, it lacked a clear secular conception and violated the First Amendment clause prohibiting the establishment of religion (Ratliff). CONCLUSION The ideas of Creationism and Intelligent Design should be, if they must be, admitted in the classrooms, but not as sciences, instead, they should be taught and presented as anything else because they do not have the elements that shape science and make it what it really is.The idea that best explains the reality of Intelligent Design is what Mr. Newt Gingrich said evolution certainly seems to express the closest understanding of how we came to be we now have Evolution should be taught as science, and quick-witted design should be taught as philosophy (Wilkinson 50-51). Works Cited Ratliff, Evan. The Crusade Against Evolution. Wired October 2004. 03 October 2006 http//www. wired. com/wired/archive/12. 10/evolution. html. Wilkinson, Francis. The Discover Interview Newt Gingrich. Discover October 2006 50-51.

Cognition, Memory and Perception Essay Example for Free

Cognition, Memory and Perception EssayForgetting is the inability of a individual to retrieve, recall or recognize data that was stored or still stored in long term memory. (McLeod, S. A. 2008). In terms of short term memory, forgetting is caused by mental dis localise between past and forward-looking-fashioned information that virtually modern accounts that holding on to. In some older models, forgetting is explained using a process of resistless deterioration of information. Comparing both accounts, rub seems to have a better ex stick outation of forgetting.Secondly in terms of long term memory, forgetting occurs when one fails to remember and ineffectual to reactivated the memory circuit of given information. In general, forgetting seems to happen in between short term and long term memory. It leave alone occur when information is to be encoded or information is non linked to whatever memory circuit with interference. (What is forgetting in psychology? , 2008). Ho wever, nowadays, there be theories of forgetting in cognitive psychology that are still difficult to stress by researches, because one may in fact non forget, but have trouble retrieving information from ones memory storage.For examples, one forgets about an progeny such as attending a jocks birthday party just because the individual were exclusively remembering another event that is more important to him such as a wedding dinner. The examples of the theories of forgetting are encoding failure, decay supposition, interference theory, retrieval failure, motivated forgetting and chokeion. The rootage of this paper will going to critically asses on the psychological theories on why people forget. According to Freud (1901), the father of the psychoanalytic school, believed that one will forget of what threatens them.For example, experiences that express in abusing, horrifying, hurtful, tense and ego-dissatisfying will pushed back to the un sensible. Based on the opinion of writ er on this paper, it is not unavoidably that one just forgets about what threatens them but also forgets the information that does not seem important to them. This scenario is convertible to the theory of encoding failure whereas the particular information in short term memory that did not manage to encode in the long term memory and the information did not enter to the memory. at any rate that, encoding failure also flush toilet be result of stress.Based on Yerkes-Dodson Law, too often epochs stress results can cause performance to decline, sometimes sharply if cognitive or nervous division is triggered. A downturn can also be caused by excessive attention to a tax such that extra factors that are important get missed. Secondly, the decay theory, this theory suggests that memory traces in the intellect will fade over time through lack of use and become inaccessible. Decay theory suggest that forgetting is a psychological process and it is an idea that when a memory has a ph ysical or chemical trace of the experience in the brain when it is laid down.This traces will fade as time passes unless it is reinforced through repeated times of use. For example, when a person meets a new friend, the name of the friend is just like a trace to the brain. But when the person did not manage to meet up with that new friend for a few days, the name of the friend will slowly decay and susceptibility not recall it after. However, researchers have not shown that decay theory causes forgetting of something that is stored in the long term memory.In addition, found on the authors opinion, memory such as driving skills, riding cycle skills and swimming skills would not decay even though after a period of time, not every memory trace will fade over time. Some studies of the hippocampus have shown a configuration of rapid and then gradual decline of neutral pathways by Anderson (1995).Besides that, there are two types of the interference theory that is, proactive interfere nce and retroactive interference. The definition of the proactive interference is when old information interferes with the new information that cause forgetting.Example of proactive interference theory is when a person who learned many formulas in additional mathematics for a year and learned new sets of formulas for modern mathematics for a month and the person will interfere with the knowledge of additional mathematics while doing modern mathematics. On the other hand, retroactive interference occurs when new information learned interfere with the old information that stored in the memory.Remembering the names of the new students by a lecturer is an example of retroactive interference where the new students name will nterfere with the names that were previously stored. However, researches pointed out that real life interference might not occur so readily. The retrieval failure theory was proposed by (Tulving amp Thomson 1973). This theory is known as a cue dependent forgetting tha t explains forgetting as inability to retrieve material due to an absence of the dear cues. In order that one person to retrieve information from the long-term memory, they must depend on the type of cue or expeditious which they use and this theory explained that why sometimes that one who unable to remember the material that is certain in our memory.For example, a person cannot remember doing his homework until him or her cut the workbook on the table. This proves that the workbook raise the right retrieval cue. According to Freud (1901), the retrieval of the quash memories is possible only low special circumstances using a few psychoanalytic techniques. On the other hand, there is a tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon (TOT) that could help one to retrieve forgotten memories. TOT is an example of how we learnedly search for cues that will prompt the retrieval of a specific memory.For example, a person that forgets their populate pets name and only remembers the dumbbell which han gs around the neck of the pet. By reading the word dumbbell, TOT assists the person to recall that the neighbor pets name was Dumble. Furthermore, the motivated forgetting is a case of retrieval failure referred to Freud, (1901). What it actually meant by motivated forgetting? According to Freud (1901), motivated forgetting is that we are motivated to forget the events or actions that is painful that cannot be figure out in the memory by pushing it into the subconscious mind and actively repressing with it.In other words, these experiences are repressed in the unconscious and unable to retrieve when needed. Besides motivated forgetting causes oneself repression of memory, it is possible that one forgets is based on instructions of others and also known as the intentional forgetting or directed forgetting. Anderson, Baddeley and Eysenck (2009) stated that intentional forgetting also refers to forgetting which is initiated by a conscious goal to forget. McNally, Clancy, and Schacter (2001) also stated that loss of autobiographical memories, particularly memories for unpleasant or disturbing events has used to explain the intentional forgetting.However, based on the authors opinion, motivate forgetting on the memories of pain, unpleasant, and disturbing events are unhealthy to ones body, physically and mentally. What if the capacity of the subconscious has a limit and it cannot continue to repress any more of the memory of negative events, it will causes an unsuitable pressure and stress on the individual emotionally and blend to suicide if it reaches the limit. Last but not least, theory of repression, proposed by the psychologist Sigmund Freud.Freud (1901) stated that the unpleasant memories such as informal abuse, bullying, torture or any traumatic experience which undergoes the psychological process which automatically and unconsciously prevents emotionally distressing memories from coming into our conscious awareness. In the event or experience in the present such as watching a video, hypnosis or hearing music may triggered the repressed memories back into conscious awareness. However, he stated that, repressed memories cannot deliberately bring back unless it was triggered.The memory researches pointed out that the retrieval memories come back into awareness through suggestion by the patients therapist in fact are false memories. In the nutshell, all the theories above that have discussed which are the encoding failure, decay theory, interference theory, retrieval failure, motivated forgetting and repression. Overview of this research, readers can determine that every theories of forgetting have relation between one another and it is all related to the short memory and long-term memory. If the short-term memory does not exist, there is no long-term memory.In the authors point of view, some of the theories that have discussed above are too narrow in telescope and did not manage to cover all the factors such as emotion of a pers on that will lead to forgetting. In the authors opinion, every psychologist that is doing on the same research should investigate and plan the experiments together so that all the psychologists able to brainstorm on their findings and share their thoughts together in order to improve their theories. Besides that, I believe that, all the human being does not want to repress all those negatives events that had ever happened in their lives into their subconscious mind.This is because after repressing or suppressing those memories into the subconscious mind, it would not provide safety precautions in terms of physically and mentally to everyone. What if one day, one person those who suffer from sexual abuse and torture since childhood and triggered that memory back and do the same thing to others. This will lead to even more people suffers.