Pressure Measurement and Calibration

52 PRESSURE MEASUREMENT AND CALIBRATION (TH2) 53 EQUIPMENT DIAGRAMS 54 55 56 EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION Refer to the drawing on pages 56, 57 and 58. This equipment is a bench top unit designed to introduce students to pressure, pressure scales and common devices available to measure pressure. The equipment comprises a Dead-weight Pressure Calibrator to generate a number of predetermined pressures, connected to a Bourdon gauge and electronic pressure sensor to allow their characteristics, including accuracy and linearity, to be determined. The Dead-weight Pressure Calibrator, Bourdon gauge and pressure sensor are mounted on a common PVC base plate. The electrical console is free standing. The Dead-weight Pressure Calibrator consists of precision ground piston (10) and matching cylinder (11) with a set of weights (12). In normal use the appropriate combination of weights is applied to the top of the piston, to generate the required predetermined pressure, and then the piston is set spinning, to reduce vertical friction, while the readings from the measuring devices are recorded. The operating range of the Dead-weight Pressure Calibrator and instrumentation is 20 kNm-2 to 200 kNm-2. The Bourdon gauge (5) and pressure sensor (6) are mounted on a manifold block (2) with a priming vessel (4) to contain the hydraulic fluid which is chosen to be water for safety and ease of use. A priming valve (7) between the reservoir and the manifold block allows the cylinder, manifold block and gauge on test to be easily primed with the water ready for use. A damping valve (8) between the cylinder and the manifold block allow the flow f water to be restricted to demonstrate the application of damping. An additional isolating valve (9) on the manifold block allows water to be drained from the manifold block or allows alternative devices to be connected for calibration. Such devices can be tested over the range 20 kNm-2 to 200 kNm-2. The Bourdon gauge (5) supplied is a traditional industrial instrument with rotary scale and mechanical indicator. The gauge has a 6† diameter dial that incorporates an arbitrary scale calibrated in degrees of rotation (independent of unit pressure) in addition to the usual scale calibrated in units of kNm-2. A clear acrylic front face allows observation of the Bourdon tube the mechanism that converts motion of the Bourdon tube to rotation of the indicator needle. The electronic pressure sensor (6) supplied incorporates a semi-conductor diaphragm that deflects when pressure is applied by the working fluid. This deflection generates a voltage output that is proportional to the applied pressure. The pressure sensor should be connected to the socket (20) marked ‘Pressure Sensor’ on the front of the console. The power supply, signal conditioning circuitry etc are contained in a simple electrical console (15) with appropriate current protection devices and an RCD (26) for operator protection. The electrical console is designed to stand alongside the Dead-weight Pressure Calibrator on the bench top. All circuits inside the console are operated by a main on/off switch (16) on the front of the console. 57 The various circuits inside the console are protected against excessive current by miniature circuit breakers, as follows: CONT (27) O/P (28) This breaker protects the power supply and circuits inside the console. This breaker protects the electrical output marked OUTPUT (23) at the rear of the console. The socket is used to power the IFD3 interface used for data logging. The voltage from the pressure sensor is displayed on a digital meter (17) on the electrical console. An additional conditioning circuit incorporates zero and span adjustments and allows the voltage output from the pressure sensor to be converted and displayed as a direct reading pressure meter calibrated in units of pressure. The zero control (21) and span control (22) are mounted on the front of the console for ease of use. A selector switch (18) allows the voltage from the sensor or the direct reading pressure reading to be displayed as required. The voltage from the pressure sensor is simultaneously connected to an I/O Port (19) for the connection to a PC using an optional interface device (TH-IFD) with educational software package (TH2-303). Alternatively, the signal can be connected to a user supplied chart recorder if required. Before use, the priming vessel must be filled with clean water (preferably deionized or demineralised water) and the calibrator, Bourdon gauge and pressure sensor fully primed. 8 OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES This equipment has been designed to operate over a range of pressures from 0 kN/m2 to 200 kN/m2 may damage the pressure sensors. In order to avoid such damage, DO NOT APPLY CONTINUOUS PRESSURE TO THE TOP OF THE PISTON ROD WHEN THE PRIMING VALVE IS CLOSED except by the application of the masses supplied. An impulse may be applied to the piston when operating at a fluid pressure of less than 200 kN/m2. This procedure is described in Experiment P1. The following procedure should be followed to prime the Dead-weight Calibrator and pressure sensors, prior to taking readings: Level the apparatus using the adjustable feet. A circular spirit level has been provided for this purpose, mounted on the base of the dead-weight calibrator. Check that the drain valve (at the back of the Bourdon gauge base) is closed. Fill the priming vessel with water (purified or de-ionized water is preferable). Open the damping valve and the priming valve. With no masses on the piston, slowly draw the piston upwards a distance of approximately 6 cm (i. . a full stroke of the piston). This draws water from the priming vessel into the system. Firmly drive the piston downwards, to expel air from the cylinder back towards the priming vessel. Repeat these two steps until no more bubbles are visible in the system. It may be helpful to raise the central section of the return tube between the manifold block and the priming vessel. This will help to prevent air be ing drawn back into the system as the piston is raised. Raise the piston close to the top of the cylinder, taking care not to lift it high enough to allow ir to enter, and then close the priming valve. The following procedure describes the calibration of the semiconductor pressure sensor. The procedure differs if using the optional TH-303 software, in which case users should instead refer to the Help Text provided with the software. Remove the piston from the cylinder, and switch the selector knob on the console to ‘Pressure’. This the ‘zero’ control on the console until the display reads zero. This sets the first reference point for the sensor calibration. Return the piston to the cylinder, and reprime the system as described above. Place all the supplied masses onto the piston, with the greatest mass (2 ? kg) being added last. This corresponds to an applied pressure of 200 kN/m2. Spin the piston, and adjust the ‘span’ control until the sensor output matches the applied pressure. This sets the second reference point for the calibration. 59 The calibration may be tested by applying a mass to the piston, spinning the piston in the cylinder, and then comparing the applied pressure to the sensor output. Each ? kg of applied mass corresponds to 20 kN/m2 of applied pressure. This piston itself gives an applied pressure of 20 kN/m2. 0 NOMENCLATURE FOR TH2 The following nomenclature has been used for the theory and calculations presented in this manual: Name Piston diameter Cross-sectional area Mass of piston Mass on mass piston Applied mass Acceleration due to gravity Applied force Nom d A Mp Mm Ma g F Units m m? kg kg kg m/s2 kg Type Given Calculated Given Recorded Calculated Given Recorded Definition The diameter of the dead weight calibrator piston. Cross-sectional area of dead weight calibrator cylinder. Mass of the dead-weight calibrator piston. Mass applied to piston. Ma = Mp + Mm g = 9. 1 m/s2 Force applied to fluid in system by piston and masses. F = g x Ma Pressure applied to fluid by dead weight calibrator P = F/A Ambient (atmospheric) pressure of the surroundings. Applied pressure relative to the pressure of total vacuum Needle angle taken from Bourdon gauge scale Semiconductor output taken from console display Gauge pressure taken from Bourdon gauge scale Calibrated semiconductor output taken from console display Applied pressure Barometric pressure Absolute pressure Needle angle Semi-conductor output Indicated Bourdon gauge pressure Indicated semi-conductor pressure Pa Patm Pabs ? e Pb Ps N/m2 N/m2 N/m2 Calculated Recorded Calculated degree Recorded V N/m2 N/m2 Recorded Recorded Recorded 61 NOMENCLATURE FOR ERROR ANALYSIS The following nomenclature has been used for the error analysis presented in this manual: Name Indicated value Actual value Range Definition Gauge reading, i. e. the pressure indicated by sensor used True pressure, pressure applied by dead-weight calibrator Total range of values covered in the results, or total range of values measurable on instrument scale. Calculation Pi = Pb or Ps, depending on the sensor used Actual value = Applied pressure, Pa Range = Largest result – Smallest result = Pi max – Pi min or Range = Maximum possible reading – Minimum possible reading (200 kN/m? for apparatus used) No calculation. Precise data have a small scatter, indicating minimal random error ea = |Pi – Pa | ea max = ? (Pi – Pa)max? e%a = ea max X 100 Pa e%f = ea max X 100 Range Pmin = P1 + P2 + †¦.. + Pn n da = |Pi – Pmin| dm = da1 + da2 + †¦ + dan n ? = da12 + da32 + †¦ + dan2 n-1 ? Precision How closely the results agree with each other. Actual difference Modulus of the difference between indicated value and actual value Accuracy Maximum difference between indicated pressure and actual pressure Percentage accuracy Greatest difference between of actual scale reading indicated pressure and actual pressure, as a percentage of the actual pressure. Percentage accuracy Greatest difference between of full-scale reading indicated pressure and actual pressure, as a percentage of the range. Mean Sum of results divided by number of results. Absolute deviation Difference between a single result and the mean of several results Mean deviation Sum of the absolute deviations divided by the number of absolute deviations Standard deviation Commonly used value in analysis of statistical data 62 DATA SHEET 7 RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE PRESSURE The measurement of any physical property relies upon comparison with some fixed reference point. Pressure is one such property, and pressure measurement must begin by defining a suitable fixed point. An obvious reference point is that of the ambient pressure of the surroundings. Pressure scales have been based around a zero point of the pressure of the atmosphere at sea level. Pressures lower than atmospheric are assigned negative values; pressures higher than atmospheric have positive values. Gauges for measuring pressure give readings relative to this zero point, by comparing the pressure of interest to the pressure of the surrounding air. Pressure measured with such a gauge is given relative to a fixed value, and is sometimes termed gauge pressure. Gauge measure pressure difference between the pressure to be measured and the barometric (ambient) pressure. This may then need adjusting, to take into account any difference between barometric pressure and the pressure at sea level. Many calculations using equations derived from fundamental physical laws require absolute pressure values. Absolute pressure is the pressure relative to a total absence of pressure (i. e. a total vacuum). On an absolute pressure scale, all pressures have a positive value. The following chart illustrates the difference between gauge pressure, barometric pressure, and absolute pressure. 63 DATA SHEET 8 TECHNICAL DATA The following information may be of use when using this apparatus: Operating range of dead-weight pressure calibrator Diameter of dead-weight calibrator piston Cross-sectional calibrator area of dead-weight 20 kN/m2 – 200 kN/m2 0. 017655 m 0. 000245 m2 20 kN/m2 150 mL Pressure produced in cylinder by mass of piston with no applied masses Approximate capacity of priming vessel 64 EXPERIMENT P1 CONCEPTS OF PRESSURE AND PRESSURE SENSOR BEHAVIOUR OBJECTIVE To gain a basic understanding of the concept of pressure and its measurement. To investigate the behavior of two kinds of pressure sensor, and the effect of damping on pressure measurement. †¢ To gain a basic understanding of the concept of pressure and its measurement. †¢ To investigate the behaviour of two kinds of pressure sensor †¢ To observe the effect of damping on pressure measurement METHOD To investigate the response of two kinds of pressure sensor to a pressure applied by a dead-weight calibrator device. To investigate the response of these sensors to the application of a sudden pressure spike, with varying levels of restriction of the liquid between the pressure application and the sensor. THEORY Pressure is the force exerted by a medium, such as a fluid, on an area. In the TH2 apparatus, pressure is exerted by a piston on a column of water. The pressure applied is then equal to the force exerted by the piston over the cross-sectional area of the fluid. The use of the piston and masses with the cylinder generates a measurable reference pressure, Pa: Pa = Fa A 65 where Fa = gMa, and Fa = force applied to the liquid, Ma = total mass (incl. piston), and A = area of piston. The area of the piston can be expressed in terms of its diameter, d, as: A = ? d2 4 The units of each variable must agree for the equations to be valid. Using SI units, Pa will be in Newtons per square metre (N/m? , also known as Pascals) if Fa is in Newtons, A is in square metres, and d is in metres. The use of specific units of pressure will be covered in exercise B. For this exercise the area of the cylinder is a constant. The pressure can therefore be considered directly proportional to the mass applied to the mass on the piston Pressure measurement is normally concerned with measuring the effects of a pressure differential between two points in a fluid. The simplest form of pressure sensor is a manometer tube, in which a tube of fluid is exposed at one end to the first point in the fluid, and at the other to the second point. Any pressure differential causes a displacement of fluid within the tube, which is proportional to the difference. Manometers (not included with the TH2 apparatus) are cheap, simple, and can be designed to cover a wide range of pressures. However, they are best used for measuring static pressures below about 600 kN/m? , as the required height of the fluid becomes unworkable at greater pressures. Their dynamic response is poor, so they are best suited to measuring static or slowly changing pressures. Some fluids used are toxic (such as mercury), and may be susceptible to temperature change. The Bourdon-type pressure gauge consists of a curved tube of oval cross-section. One end is closed, and is left free to move. The other end is left open to allow fluid to enter, and is fixed. The outside of the tube remains at ambient pressure. When fluid pressure inside the tube exceeds the pressure outside the tube, the section of the tube tends to 66 ecome circular, causing the tube to straighten (internal pressure lower than the ambient pressure conversely causes increased flattening, and the curve of the tube increases). A simple mechanical linkage transmits the movement of the free end of the tube to a pointer moving around dial. This type of gauge is one of the two kinds included in the TH2 apparatus. The second type of pressure gauge included as part of the TH2 is an electromechani cal device. In a basic semiconductor pressure sensor, silicon strain gauges are fixed to one side of a diaphragm. The two sides of the diaphragm are exposed to the two different pressures. Any pressure differential causes the diaphragm to expand towards the lower-pressure side, producing a change in the strain gauge voltage reading. The electronic semiconductor pressure sensor included with the TH2 is a more refined device with improved reliability and sensitivity for pressure measurement. It includes temperature compensation to reduce the effects of temperature variation on the results. The strain gauges used are formed by laying down a protective film of glass onto stainless steel, followed by a thin film of silicon. The silicon is doped to produce semiconductor properties, and a mask is photoprinted onto it. The unmasked silicon is then removed, leaving a pattern of silicon semiconductor strain gauges molecularly bonded onto the surface of the steel. The gauges are connected to an Ohmmeter through a Wheatstone bridge, to amplify the signal produced. 67 In this type of sensor, a diaphragm is still used, but instead of fixing the strain gauges to the surface, the deflection of the diaphragm moves a steel force rod. This transfers the force to one end of the steel strip that the semiconductor resistors are bonded to. The resulting deflection of the strip causes compression in some strain gauges, and tension in others, changing their resistance and producing a measurable output. Both the TH2 pressure sensors are set up to indicate the pressure differential between atmospheric pressure, and fluid pressurized with the use of the dead-weight calibrator. The fluid passes through a damping valve, positioned between the calibrator and the sensors. By partially closing the valve, fluid flow can be restricted. This affects the speed at which pressure is transferred from the point of application to the sensors. EQUIPMENT SET UP Level the apparatus using the adjustable feet. A circular spirit level has been provided for this purpose, mounted on the base of the dead-weight calibrator. Check that the drain valve (at the back of the Bourdon gauge base) is closed. Fill the priming vessel with water (purified or de-ionized water is preferable). Fully open the damping valve and the priming valve With no masses on the piston, slowly draw the piston upwards a distance of approximately 6cm (i. e. a full stroke of the piston). This draws water from the priming vessel into the system. Firmly drive the piston downwards, to expel air from the cylinder back towards the priming vessel. Repeat these two steps until no more bubbles are visible in the system. It may be helpful to raise the central section of the return tube between the manifold block and 68 the priming vessel. This will help to prevent air being drawn back into the system as the piston is raised. Raise the piston close to the top of the cylinder, taking care not to lift it high enough to allow air to enter, and then close the priming valve. PROCEDURE This equipment has been designed to operate over a range of pressure from 0 kN/m2 to 200 kN/m2. Exceeding a pressure of 200 kN/m2 may damage the pressure sensors. In order to avoid such damage, DO NOT APPLY CONTINUOUS PRESSURE TO THE TOP OF THE PISTON ROD WHEN THE PRIMING VALVE IS CLOSED except by application of the mass supplied. An impulse may be applied to the piston when operating at a fluid pressure of less than 200 kN/m2, as is described later in this procedure. Behavior of pressure sensors Spin the piston in the cylinder, to minimize friction effects between the piston and the cylinder wall. While the piston is spinning, record the angle through which the Bourdon gauge needle has moved, and the voltage output of the electronic sensor. Apply a ? kg mass to the piston. Spin the piston and take a second set of readings for the Bourdon gauge needle angle and the electronic sensor. Repeat the procedure in ? kg increments. When using several masses, it will be necessary to place the 2 ? kg mass on top of the other masses. Repeat the procedure while removing the masses again, in ? kg increments. This gives two results for each applied mass, which may be averaged in order to reduce the effects of any error in an individual reading. Effect of damping Apply a single mass to the piston, and spin it. While the piston is spinning, apply an impulse to the top of the piston by striking the top of the rod once, with the flat of the hand. Watch the behavior of the Bourdon gauge needle. Note the final sensor reading after the response settles. Slightly close the damping valve. Change the mass, spin the piston again, and apply an impulse to the rod. Observe any changes in the sensor responses. Repeat the procedure, closing the damping valve a little at a time and noting the response and the final sensor reading each time. RESULTS Tabulate your results under the following headings:- 69 Mass applied to calibrator Mm (kg) Deflection of Bourdon gauge needle (degrees) Output from electrochemical pressure sensor (mV) Notes on sensor behavior (damping) Plot a graph of sensor response against applied mass for each sensor. 70 EXPERIMENT P2 CONCEPTS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT AND CALIBRATION OBJECTIVE To convert an arbitrary scale of pressure sensor output into engineering units. To calibrate a semiconductor pressure sensor. METHOD To make use of a dead-weight calibrator in order to produce known forces in a fluid. THEORY It is recommended that students read Data Sheet 1: Relative and Absolute Pressures before proceeding with this exercise. Pressure sensor calibration Variation in a pressure sensor reading may be calibrated, using known pressures, to give a gauge reading in engineering units. From exercise A, the dead-weight calibrator used in the TH2 produces a known reference pressure by applying a mass to a column of fluid. The pressure produced is Pa = F Aa where Fa = gMa, and Fa is the force applied to the liquid in the calibrator cylinder. Ma is the total mass (including that of the piston) 71 g is the acceleration due to gravity, and A is the area of piston. The area of the piston can be expressed in terms of its diameter, d, as: A = ? d2 4 The pressure in the fluid may then be calculated in the relevant engineering units. These known pressures may then be compared to the pressure sensor outputs over a range of pressures. The relationship between sensor output and pressure may be turned into a direct scale, as on the Bourdon gauge scale. Alternatively, a reference graph may be produced. Where the relationship is linear and the sensor output is electrical, the sensor may be calibrated using simple amplifier (a conditioning circuit). When using SI units, the units of pressure are Newtons per square meter (N/m? , also known as Pascals). To calculate the pressure in N/m? , M must be in kg, d in m, and g in m / s?. For the pressure range covered in this exercise, it will be more convenient to use units of kN/m? , where 1 kN/m? = 1000 N/m? (1 N/m? = 0. 001 kN/m? ). Barometric pressure: pressure units and scale conversion Barometric pressures is usually measured in bar. One bar is equal to a force of 105 N applied over an area of 1m?. While bar and N/m? have the same scale interval, pressure in bar often has a more convenient value when measuring barometric pressure. Pressure may also be measured in millimetres of mercury (mmHg). The pressure is given in terms of the height of a column of mercury that would be required to exert an equivalent pressure to that being measured. Another possible unit of measurement is atmospheres (atm). One standard atmosphere was originally defined as being equal to the pressure at sea level at a temperature of 15 °C. A pressure unit still in everyday use is pounds per square inch (psi or lbf / in.? ). One psi is equal to a weight of one pound applied over an area of 1 in.? If a barometer is available to measure the ambient pressure in the room where the equipment is located, the barometer reading should be converted SI units. Pressures may be converted from one scale to another using a conversion factor. A list of conversion factors is provided below. 72 1 atm = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 101. 3 x 103 101. 3 1. 013 760 14. 696 100 x 103 100 0. 987 750. 006 14. 504 133. 3 x 103 133. 3 1. 33 1. 316 19. 337 6. 895 x 106 6. 895 x 103 68. 948 68. 046 51. 715 N/m2 kN/m2 bar mmHg psi N/m2 kN/m2 atm mmHg psi N/m2 kN/m2 bar atm psi N/m2 kN/m2 bar atm mmHg 1 bar 1 mmHg x 103 1 psi x 103 ADDITIONAL EQUIPMENT REQUIRED Values for the piston diameter and weight are provided. These may be replaced by your own measurements if desired. The following equipment will be required to do so: a) Vernier calli pers or a ruler, to measure the piston diameter b) A weigh-balance or similar, to measure the piston weight EQUIPMENT SET UP Carefully remove the piston from the cylinder, weigh it. Take care not to damage the piston, as it is part of a high precision instrument and any damage will affect the accuracy of the experimental results. Level the apparatus using the adjustable feet. A circular spirit level has been mounted on the base of the dead weight calibrator for this purpose. Check that the drain valve (at the back of the Bourdon gauge base) is closed. Fill the priming vessel with water (purified or de-ionized water is preferable). Open the damping valve and the priming valve. 73 With no masses on the piston, slowly draw the piston upwards a distance of approximately 6cm (i. e. full stroke of the piston). This draws water from the priming vessel into the system. Firmly drive the piston downwards, to expel air from the cylinder back towards the priming vessel. Repeat these two steps until no more bubbles are visible in the system. It may be helpful to raise the central section of the return tube between the manifold block and the priming vessel. This will help to prevent air being drawn back into the system as the piston is raised. Raise the piston close to the top of the cylinder, taking care not to lift it high enough to allow air to enter, and then close the priming valve. Set the selector switch on the console to ‘Output’. PROCEDURE This equipment has been designed to operate over a range of pressure from 0 kN/m2 to 200 kN/m2. Exceeding a pressure of 200 kN/m2 may damage the pressure sensors. In order to avoid such damage, DO NOT APPLY CONTINUOUS PRESSURE TO THE TOP OF THE PISTON ROD WHEN THE PRIMING VALVE IS CLOSED except by application of the mass supplied. Conversion of an arbitrary scale into engineering units Spin the piston to reduce the effects of friction in the cylinder. With the needle still spinning, record the angle indicated by the Bourdon gauge needle. Place a ? kg mass on the piston, and spin the piston. Record the value of the applied mass, and the angle indicated by the Bourdon gauge needle. Increase the applied mass in increment of ? kg. Spin the piston and record the needle angle each increment. Repeat the measurements while decreasing the applied mass in steps of ? kg. This gives two readings for each applied mass, which may be averaged to reduce the effect of any error in an individual reading. Calculate the applied pressure at each mass increment. Calculate the average needle angle at each pressure increment. Repeat the experiment, this time recording the applied mass and the indicated pressure on the Bourdon gauge scale. Compare this to the average needle angle recorded previously. 74 Calibration of a semiconductor pressure sensor NOTE: This procedure differs if the TH2-303 software is being used. Please refer to the online product Help Text if using this software. Spin the piston. Record the voltage indicated on the semiconductor output display on the console. Place a ? kg mass on the piston, and spin the piston. Record the applied mass, and the voltage indicated on the semiconductor output display on the console. Increase the applied mass in steps of ? kg, spinning the piston and recording the semiconductor output each time. Repeat the measurement while decreasing the applied mass in steps of ? kg. Calculate the applied pressure at each mass increment. Calculate the average sensor output at each pressure increment. Slowly open the priming valve. Open the valve to its maximum, and check that the damping valve is also fully open. The fluid in the system will now be at approximately atmospheric pressure (it will be slightly higher than atmospheric due to the height of fluid in the reservoir, but this is negligible compared to the range of the sensors). Switch the selector knob on the console to PRESSURE Turn the ZERO control on the console until the display read zero, to set the first reference point for the sensor calibration. Raise the piston close to the top of the cylinder, taking care not to lift it high enough to allow air to enter, and then close the priming valve. Place a large mass on the piston, and calculate the corresponding applied pressure. Spin the piston and adjust the SPAN control until the sensor output matches the applied pressure, to set the second reference point for the calibration. Remove the masses from the piston. Take a set of readings from the calibrated semiconductor sensor, by adding masses to the piston in ? kg increments. Repeat the reading while decreasing the applied mass. This gives two reading for each applied mass, which may be averaged in order to reduce the effect of any error in an individual reading. 75 RESULTS Tabulate your results under the following headings: Barometric pressure Mass of piston Mp Diameter of cylinder, d Cross-sectional area of cylinder, A Mass on piston Mm (kg) Applied mass Ma (kg) Applied force Fa (N) Applied pressure †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Needle angle N/m2 kg m m2 Indicated Indicated SemiBourdon conductor semiconductor pressure pressure output Pb Ps Pa E ? (mV) (N/m2) (degrees) (N/m2) (N/m2) Plot graphs of average needle angle against applied pressure for the Bourdon gauge, and voltage output against applied pressure for the semiconductor sensor. Plot a graph of indicated pressure against actual pressure for the Bourdon gauge and the calibrated semiconductor pressure sensor. If there is facility for measuring barometric pressure, it is possible to calculate the absolute pressure corresponding to each applied pressure increment. The ambient pressure of the surroundings, Patm should be measured, then converted into N/m2 (if required). An additional column should be added to the results table: Absolute Pressure, Pabs (N/m2). Absolute pressure may then be calculated as Pabs = Pa + Patm 76 EXPERIMENT P3 ERRORS IN PRESSURE MEASUREMENT OBJECTIVE To investigate the sources of error when measuring pressure. METHOD Errors in measuring a quantity, such as pressure, can come from a number of sources. Some can be eliminated by careful choice of equipment and experimental method. Other errors are unavoidable, but can be minimized. In any experiment, it is good practice to note any possible sources of error in the results, and to give an indication of the magnitude of such errors. Errors fall into three general categories: Avoidable errors These are errors that must be eliminated, as any results including such errors will often be meaningless. Such errors include: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Incorrect use of equipment Incorrect recording of results Errors in calculations Chaotic errors, i. e. random disturbances, such as extreme vibration or electrical noise that are sufficient to mask the experimental results. 7 Random errors Random errors should be eliminated if possible, by changing the design of the experiment or waiting until conditions are more favorable. Even if they cannot be eliminated, many random errors may be minimized by making multiple sets of readings, and averaging the results. Random errors include: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Variation of experimental conditions (e. g. changes in ambie nt temperature) Variation in instrumentation performance Variation due to material properties and design (e. g. effect of friction) Errors of judgement (e. g. nconstancy in estimating a sensor reading) Systematic errors Systematic errors produce a constant bias or skew in the results, and should be minimized where possible. They include: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Built-in errors (e. g. zero error, incorrect scale graduation) Experimental errors (due to poor design of the experiment or the apparatus) Systematic human errors (e. g. reading from the wrong side of a liquid meniscus) Loading error (errors introduced as a result of the act of measurement- for example, the temperature of a probe altering the temperature of the body being measured) Errors may also be described in a number of ways: Actual difference – the difference between the indicated value (the value indicated by the gauge or sensor) and the actual scale reading (the true value of the property being measured). The actual value must be known to calculate the actual difference. Accuracy – the maximum amount by which the results vary from the actual value. The actual value must be known. Percentage accuracy of the actual scale reading – the greatest difference between the actual value and the indicated value, expressed as a percentage of the actual value. The actual value must be known. Percentage accuracy of the full-scale reading (total range of the measurement device) – the greatest difference between the actual value and the indicated value, expressed as a percentage of the maximum value of the range being used. The actual value must be known. Mean deviation (or probable error) – The absolute deviation of a single result is the difference between a single result, and the average (mean) of several results. The mean deviation is the sum of the absolute deviations divided by their number. The actual value is not required. The mean deviation is an indication of how closely the results agree with each other. 78 Standard deviation (or mean square error) – the standard deviation is the square root of the mean of the squares of the deviations (‘better’ results are obtained by dividing the sum of the values by the one less than the number of values). This is a common measure of the preciseness of a sample of data- how closely the results agree with each other. The actual value is not required. ADDITIONAL EQUIUPMENT REQUIRED Values for the piston diameter and weight are provided. These may be replaced by your own measurements if desired. The following equipment will be required to do so: †¢ †¢ Vernier callipers or a ruler, to measure the piston diameter A weigh-balance or similar, to measure the piston weight EQUIPMENT SET UP To prime the cylinder, the following procedure should be followed (where this is required in the experiment): Level the apparatus using the adjustable feet. A circular spirit level has been mounted on the base of the dead weight calibrator for this purpose. Check that the drain valve (at the back of the Bourdon gauge base) is closed. Fill the priming vessel with water (purified or de-ionized water is preferable). Fully open the damping valve and the priming valve. With no masses on the piston, slowly draw the piston upwards a distance of approximately 6cm (i. e. a full stroke of the piston). This draws water from the priming vessel into the system. Firmly drive the piston downwards, to expel air from the cylinder back towards the priming vessel. Repeat these two steps until no more bubbles are visible in the system. It may be helpful to raise the central section of the return tube between the manifold block and the priming vessel. This will help to prevent air being drawn back into the system as the piston is raised. Raise the piston close to the top of the cylinder, taking care not to lift it high enough to allow air to enter, then close the priming valve. PROCEDURE This equipment has been designed to operate over a range of pressure from 0 kN/m2 to 200 kN/m2. Exceeding a pressure of 200 kN/m2 may damage the pressure sensors. In order to avoid such damage, DO NOT APPLY CONTINUOUS PRESSURE TO THE 79 TOP OF THE PISTON ROD WHEN THE PRIMING VALVE IS CLOSED except by application of the mass supplied. The following experiments give suggested ways in which particular sources of error may be investigated. It is recommended that only one or two be attempted in a single laboratory session, with each being repeated several times, giving multiple samples for the error analysis. Basic Error Analysis: The accuracy of the semiconductor calibration may be investigated by performing standard error calculations on the calibrated sensor output, using the results obtained in Experiment P2. If results are not available for analysis, the following procedure should be followed: Slowly open the priming valve. Open the valve to its maximum, and check that the damping valve is also fully open. The fluid in the system will now be at approximately atmospheric pressure (it will be slightly higher than atmospheric due to the height of fluid in the reservoir, but this is negligible compared to the range of the sensors). Switch the selector knob on the console to PRESSURE. Turn the ZERO control on the console until the display read zero, to set the first reference point for the sensor calibration. Raise the piston close to the top of the cylinder, taking care not to lift it high enough to allow air to enter, then close the priming valve. Place a large mass on the piston, and calculate the corresponding applied pressure. Spin the piston, and adjust the SPAN control until the sensor output matches the applied pressure, to set the second reference point for the calibration. Remove the masses from the piston. Take a set of readings from the calibrated semiconductor sensor, adding masses to the pan in ? kg increments, and again while decreasing the applied mass. This provides two set of readings for data analysis. The experiment should be repeated to provide further sets of data. Avoidable errors: Incorrect use of equipment Level the apparatus using the adjustable feet. A circular spirit level has been mounted on the base of the dead-weight calibrator for this purpose Check that the drain valve (at the back of the Bourdon gauge base) is closed, and the damping valve is fully open. 80 Remove the piston from the cylinder, then fill the priming vessel with water (purified or de-ionized water is preferable). Close the priming valve, then replace the piston in the cylinder. Take a set of readings without priming the system first. Random errors: Friction effects Prime the system as described in the equipment set up instructions. Tilt the board at an angle of about 5 to 10 degrees. THE EQUIPMENT BASE MUST STILL BE FIRM AND SECURE. Titling the apparatus in this way will exaggerate any friction effects, as the force applied by the piston will no longer be acting straight downwards on the column of fluids, but will have components acting at right-angles to cylinder wall. Spin the piston. Take one reading while the piston is spinning, then observe the behavior of the needle. Continue to watch the needle as the piston stops spinning, then make a note of the new gauge reading. Apply masses to the piston in ? kg increments. At each step, spin the piston, note the sensor output, and then take a second reading after the piston stops spinning. Systematic errors: Zero error Calibrate the semiconductor pressure sensor, but do not include mass of piston in the applied mass when calculating the applied pressure. Take a set of readings from the calibrated semiconductor sensor over a range of applied masses, now including the piston mass in the applied mass calculation. Human error Take a set or readings from the Bourdon gauge pressure scale, but stand at an angle to the dial face when taking each reading. Keep the same viewing angle for each reading. This illustrates the effect of parallax on the readings taken. RESULTS Tabulate your results under the headings on the following page: For each result, calculate the absolute difference, ea between indicated value Pi and the applied pressure Pa. 81 Find the maximum absolute difference, the accuracy ea max and use this value and the corresponding indicated pressure to calculate the % accuracy of actual scale reading and the % accuracy of full-scale reading (use a range of 200 kN/m2). Correlate the data for several test runs, to give a set of indicated pressure readings corresponding to a single applied pressure. Use this correlated data table to calculate the mean of the results, Pmean, the mean deviation, dm, the absolute deviation, da, and the standard deviation, ?. Errors can also be illustrated graphically: 85 Piston diameter, d = †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. m Piston mass, MP = †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. kg Experimental conditions : †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Mass Applied Applied Applied Indicated Mean Absolute Standard Actual Accuracy % % Mean on deviation deviation deviation Accuracy Accuracy of mass force pressure pressure difference piston Actual Full result scale scale reading reading Mm dm da PI ea Emax e%a e%f Pmin Ma Fa Pa ? kg) (kg) (kN) (kN/m2) (kN/m2) (kN/m2) (kN/m2) (kN/m2) (kN/m2) 86 Plot a graph of actual pressure against indicated pressure. On the same graph, plot a straight line showing the actual pressure. This will illustrate three characteristics of the results: †¢ †¢ Deviati on of sensor readings from the actual value. Whether any deviation from the true reading is systematic (the graph will be a straight line or a smooth curve) or random (the graph will have no obvious relationship). Precision of the results. Precise results will be close together, not widely scattered. Precise results may still deviate strongly from the actual value. †¢

Health Care Marketing Analysis Paper

Marketing for Health Care Lydia Wooten Health Care Marketing Analysis HCS/539 November 26, 2012 Debra Schrager Health Care Marketing Analysis Planned Parenthood has been established since 1916. That was created by women named Sanger, her sister, and friend that created a birth control clinic. They develop Planned Parenthood for the reasoning on fighting for women's health, rights, and equality. The company stood for each right of individual to have control of his or her fertility regardless of income status, marital status, race, age, nationality, or sexual orientation. Sanger incorporates the American Birth Control League, an ambitious new organization that embraces the global issues of world population growth, disarmament, and world famine† (Planned Parenthood, n. d. ). Planned Parenthood provides many services on reproductive health services and for reason they are the largest in the U. S. including cancer screening,  HIV  screening and counseling, contraception, and   abortion. Other health services may not offer family planning as Planned Parenthood does and they help serve a large proportion of women.Planned Parenthood helps care, test, and treat a large part of the population including teenagers, men and women. Several corporations and media are against the organization for reasons but Planned Parenthood believes they are the help, face and voice for the people who need counseling or aid. Throughout this paper I will describe how product, pricing, place, and promotion are important to the establishment of Planned Parenthood. Product Planned Parenthood is design for a health services to assist anyone whether young, male or female and assist them in many areas.Some of their services are checkups for reproductive or sexual health problems, infertility screening and referral, routine physical exams, vasectomy, and prostate cancer screenings along with many more services. Women who are seeking specialized health services have the opportunity to rec eived their services which include contraception’s which can be birth control or morning after pill, abortions, screening, testing such as HIV/AIDS or any other sexual transmitted disease, pregnancy testing, prenatal care, infertility, and general health care.Pricing Planned Parenthood offer affordable services to all that seek health care service. The price will vary based on the type of procedure that will be needed  such as abortion range from $350 to $485. One good option that Planned Parenthood offers is a service where it is little or no cost that depends on the family size or the income of the patient. â€Å"Planned Parenthood works to make health care accessible and affordable. Some health centers are able to charge according to income. Most accept health insurance.If you qualify, Medicaid or other state programs may lower your health care costs (Planned Parenthood, 2012). For instance, if a single parent makes less than $2,522 per month it is possible there health service can be low cost or even free because of the low income due to cost of living. For patients who qualify for free services include birth control, pap smears, emergency contraception, and sterilization. Another reason why Planned Parenthood Price is free or low cost than other health services because they rely on donations from other avenues.Planned Parenthood receives one-third of its budget, $300 million, from the Federal Government from US taxpayers (Parker, 2008). Place Planned Parenthood is national known and they have over 77 locations throughout the U. S. and just recently they are global. â€Å"There are 77different independent local affiliates that operate over 800 health centers around the United States† (Planned Parenthood, n. d. ). Each health facility offers different services due to regulations that some health clinics may offer and it could be illegal at other clinics such as abortions. Planned Parenthood offers Information for teens at the clinics.There is counseling for the teens which allows them to understand certain changes that occurs with their bodies as well as support and which gives them extra guidance if they were to get pregnant or decide to have an abortion. Each clinic also has a counselor who is available to help those patients overcome difficult times or understand why things are happening to them. The employees are trained to help with all type of health services and counseling methods to help the patients understand the organization but also to help the organization to understand the patients. Promotion Planned Parenthood is promoted by Action Fund engages in educational and electoral activity, including legislative advocacy, voter education, and grassroots organizing to promote the Planned Parenthood† (Planned Parenthood Fund Inc, 2012). Planned Parenthood is advertising with billboards all around the U. S for their services, Internet access for the new generation, and publishing commercials on television to help export their services to help create new patient clientele. Another major promotion Planned Parenthood is established is the Susan G Komen breast cancer foundation.There foundation has recently joined together with Planned Parenthood to promote the importance of breast examination and early cancer detection. Another promotion tool that was recently used was during the debates from both candidates on prochoice or choice for the status on Planned Parenthood. The marketing tool has promoted in rural areas where majority patients who are without health insurance or low income families normally live. Marketing and Partnerships Planned Parenthood has partnered with the girl scouts where they appeared on NBC Today Show and show their support for the Organization (Beckman, 2012).Just recently Planned Parenthood is joining with MTV and Kaiser to raise awareness on STDs to the youth. Interesting fact for the campaign that they encourage people of all ages to get themselves tested on STD s which was called get yourself tested (GYT) (Planned Parenthood, 2009). Planned Parenthood made a great move with Partnering with MTV so the advertising can direct their attention on young adults and teenagers which were marketable. MTV is an advertising tool that focuses on those who live in rural areas or people who are undecided on what is the best health care service to partake in.Target Market Prior till now, Planned Parenthood focused more on communication to the public by advertising and by helping the black communities in the United States. Most of the Planned Parenthood in America clinics was strategically put in place that is located in black neighborhoods and schools. Since the Federal Government is responsible for one-third of the funding for Planned Parenthood, advertisements that are in federal buildings are vital to the success of Planned Parenthood.The majority of the federal buildings are set up for programs that deal with citizens in poverty. This becomes another good reason for the use of Planned Parenthood advertising in such buildings. Planned Parenthood offers little to no cost medical care and services for those who may not have and need some type of health insurance. They also offer tools for parents to better help them communicate with their teens about sex, and other life-changing decisions. With these tools, parents can help build their own relationships with their teens.Understanding the target market will help any organization to find the right type of organizations to collaborate with as well as to discover different ways to promote and marketing campaigns directed to their target market. Conclusion Planned Parenthood has continued to offer different birth control options to many women in need for over 95 years. They also offer a wide variety of services for men and not just women as well. They provide preventative care, testing, and treatments of STDs for teens and adults.Planned Parenthood has recently been in the news due to t he loss and regain of funding and promotion of the Susan G Komen Foundation. Planned Parenthood has also been a part of the presidential campaign and debate to whether abortion should be allowed or not. Planned Parenthood strives to help people who are at or below the poverty level by offering their services at little to no cost. Planned Parenthood has also targeted the youth population with the recent GYT campaign where they teamed up with MTV to promote testing for STDs. Planned Parenthood has made a name for itself, whether it has received a good or bad name.Regardless, many people have used the services that Planned Parenthood has to offer. References Beckman, B. (2012). Girl Scouts partner with Planned Parenthood! Time for a boycott?. Retrieved from http://www. illinoisrighttolife. org/GirlsScouts_PlannedParenthood. htm Parker, S. (2008, June). Planned Parenthood and the ‘marketing of meaninglessness'. Retrieved from http://townhall. com/columnists/starparker/2008/06/30/p lanned_parenthood_and_the_marketing_of_meaninglessness/page/full/ Planned Parenthood. (2009, Spring). A Test You Want to Fail: 1 in 4 US Teen Girls has an STD.Retrieved from http://www. plannedparenthood. org/northeast-pennsylvania/files/Northeast-and-Mid-Penn/PP_newsletter_Spring_09. pdf Planned Parenthood. (n. d. ). Health Info ; Services. Retrieved from http://www. plannedparenthood. org/health-topics/ Planned Parenthood of Nassau County, Inc.. (2012). Fees ; Payment Options. Retrieved from http://www. plannedparenthood. org/nassau-county/fees-payment-options-5062. htm Planned Parenthood Action Fund Inc. (2012). We are Planned Parenthood. Retrieved from http://www. plannedparenthoodaction. org/about-us/about-us. htm

Boston Beer Company Essay

Address the following questions in a 4-5 page write-up of the Boston Beer Company Case to explore the issue of Initial Public Offerings. 1) What do you think of Boston Beer’s business model relative to the traditional beer companies’ business model? Relative to Redhook and Pete’s? (Hint: consider their brewing, production, distribution, marketing strategies. How is each firm attempting to achieve its own sustainable comparative advantage in the market place? ) 2) Evaluate Boston Beer’s performance relative to its peers (Compare BBC’s ratios to the ratios of its peers in exhibit 4). (Hint: how do differences in operating strategies translate into differences in financial ratios? Are there any downside risks to BBC’s contract brewing strategy? ) 3) What is your assessment of the intrinsic value of Boston Beer’s stock at the time of the case? What should be its IPO price? (Some hints below: First, you should look at the P/E multiples for Pete’s and Redhook around the IPO time for BBC. You should also look at the average amount the price seems to jump on the day of the IPO, and the EPS of BBC for 1994 and 1995. From this, you should figure out what the implied price per share for BBC should be in this market environment. Second, you should try to justify this price per share by doing FCF analysis. Create a ten year pro-forma spreadsheet, projecting out barrels of beer each year, revenue per barrel, revenue, costs, taxes, etc. Calculate net income, then subtract out net investments and add back depreciation to obtain FCF each year. Don’t forget to calculate terminal value at the end of 10 years. Use a 4% growth rate after year 10. Calculate the cost of equity and then discount the free cash flows by this discount rate. Calculate the Present Value of these FCFs plus the present value of the terminal value. To find the implied price, divide this present value by the new # shares outstanding, 19. 182mm. To determine the new market value of the firm, multiply the implied price by total number of shares outstanding. Are your assumptions about growth in unit sales realistc or over-optimistic? Using REALISTIC growth assumptions, what price per share do you get?). 4) Do you think the total market value of Redhook, Pete’s and Boston Beer (at your proposed IPO price) makes sense, given the total size and profitability of the beer industry, and the craft-brewing segment? What profitability and growth assumptions are necessary to justify the total market value of these three craft brewers? (Hint: First determine the total market value of these three companies. Then figure out what the average after tax operating profit margin is for these three companies. Figure out what the value of these three companies would be if their after tax earnings continued forever, but did not grow at all. Then take the difference between their total Market Value and this (no growth) perpetuity value. This difference reflects the market value due to GROWTH. Try to figure out what growth rate in revenues is implied here by projecting total revenues for 10 years, and finding the after tax earnings for 10 years, and then discounting the after tax earnings at the cost of equity. Don’t forget to calculate the terminal value (grow earnings at 4% after year 10.). 5) In late December 1995, sell-side analysts were forecasting long-term growth of 25-40% for the craft-brewing segment. How achievable are these growth targets? What factors are likely to influence analysts’ growth forecasts? (Hint: Is the implied growth rate in revenues found in (4) realistic? What would you consider a realistic growth rate for the craft brewing industry? At this growth rate, what would be the implied market value of these three firms? What do you predict will happen to the market prices of each of these three firms in the short to medium term? ).

What barriers are there to the effective prevention of genocide and Essay

What barriers are there to the effective prevention of genocide and crimes against humanity - Essay Example The media should have special program to spread protection and prevention measures against genocide. Victims protection should be enacted to ensure they are not exposed to more danger and also to be assisted in re-organizing their lives afresh According to Valentino (2003) he argued that there are several barriers to prevention of genocide by the international community. The United States failed to stop the Rwandan genocide until it was too late and by the time they intervened, 800,000 lives had been lost and many persons displaced. Slow and gradual speed of taking action has led to wide spread of genocides in many countries. Scenarios witnessed in Sudan remained unabated, leading to millions losing the lives and property despite the effort to prevent genocides and crimes against humanity in the world. President Clinton apologized to Rwanda expressing regret due to the untimely intervention by the Americans to prevent the mass killing that has gone in history as the worst of the rece nt decades. The international community together with African nations is responsible for this tragedy. All states must be willing to forecast and plan in future on ways of preventing crimes against humanity and genocides. ... Research done on why the international community has failed to fulfill the commitment of protecting humanity has found out that those responsible are high ranked government and military officials. They have well organized militia groups with access to government intelligence hence a big challenge to deal with. Belgium had interest in the country and had trained many Tutsi militias. It can be seen that former colonial masters want to serve their interests by causing genocides while pretending to be committed in maintaining peace (Valentino, 2003). Frate stated that lack of credible justice systems, which do not incorporate ways of addressing traditional injustices, and solving communal. Past injustices committed to victims of wars and the impact of victimization has led to negative results to the efforts being made to prevent genocides and crimes against humanity. Failure to implement laws to prevent these effects has also made it impossible for the efforts made to resolution of the c onflict. Corruption has increased in complexity in society and has become a stumbling block to justice systems by having investigating of offences, prosecution and trial of the offenders compromised. Failure to address community differences by mobilizing the society effectively has increased tension in leading to frequent sprout of conflicts which if not urgently may spread in greater proportions resulting to mass killings and destruction of property. Victims should be protected through criminal laws that are able to advocate for social security by adequately investigating in details the causes of the crimes and the possible way of addressing the differences that caused genocides and how harmony can be brought into the society. Many countries have not

Public Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Public Relations - Essay Example ORGANIZATIONAL FUNCTIONS OF PUBLIC RELATIONS The focus of organizational functions of public relations is in protecting the company’s reputation and making sure that it maintains a cordial relation with its stakeholders. Following are some of the functions of Public Relations department in an organization: INTERNAL RELATIONS This is one of the most important and crucial aspects of public relations. Establishing a bond of trust between the employees and the employers can be a difficult job; however, it is very important. This directly affects the productivity of the organization while at the same creating valuable and irreplaceable assets for the employers (Lordan, 2003). Analysis has indicated that internal relations managers are responsible for internal communication in an organization that particularly focuses on avoidance of any conflicts, as well as resolution as well to ensure good reputation of the organization. Secondly, another imperative function of the internal relat ions managers is to ensure distribution of information to all members of the organization through company’s newsletter and e-platforms. It has been an observation that such managers also are responsible to arrange and organize different events and activities that work as motivation for the employees. RELATIONS WITH STAKEHOLDERS/INVESTORS It is the prime responsibility of a public relations manager to maintain a healthy relationship between organization and its investors. They make sure that all the relevant data required in maintaining this relationship reaches their investors at time. In addition to that, the manager is also responsible for analysing propositions and decisions for the benefit of the organization as well as stakeholders. The idea of gaining profit maintains stakeholders’ interest in the organization. Other responsibilities of the manager include arranging shareholders meetings, compiling an annual report, making sure that all the deals are legal, and e nsuring financial credibility of investors and stakeholders. COMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH Communication research managers are responsible for quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the advertising campaigns. For this purpose, they conduct surveys, content analysis, and interviews with the clients to find out the most efficient means to communicate with the masses. These reports form the basis of the organization’s marketing strategy (Jacquie & Pieczka, 2006). SOCIETAL FUNCTIONS OF PUBLIC RELATIONS Societal functions concentrate on actions that can benefit the society. Every organization has a moral responsiility towards the society; public relation managers are the face of that organization that fulfills these responsibilities on their behalf. There is no denying the fact that the activities of corporate organizations have a signifcant impact on the public as they are the trendsetters and their products inspire people to look up to them (Lamme & Land, 2008). Public relations h ave two basic societal functions: COMMUNITY RELATIONS It involves evaluating the main community of your target market and making assessments on the basis on their lifestyles, identity, and attitude. Based on these assessmenst programs are developed and executed to gain the trust and acceptance of the community. In short, a business or organiztion cannot fully develop unless it is acknowleged by the community. Public relations make sure

The Chinese Knight Errant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Chinese Knight Errant - Essay Example However, the material realm is inadequate to construct a more complete definition of what it means to be a Knight Errant, as many of the qualities are the abstract concepts that go hand in hand with morality. The Knight Errant is a principle. It is the principle of right and wrong that guides our decisions as we pursue our ethical objectives. When faced with a moral dilemma, a solution could be forthcoming by simply asking ourselves; What would a Knight Errant do In the answer we would find truth, honesty, compassion, obligation, sincerity, respect, and a wealth of human spirituality that makes us genuinely and uniquely a moral human being. The Knight Errant is selfless in their pursuit of justice in the name of righteousness. This is not a half-hearted endeavor to settle a score or seek revenge for a wrong committed against oneself or one's family. The Knight Errant serves righteousness as a subject serves a master. The only purpose of their actions is to remain true to their moral code that mandates doing the right thing without regards to personal cost, loss, or gain. In the story The Sung Founder Escorts Ching-Niang One Thousand Li translated by LS Lieu, the protagonist Chao K'uang-yin escorts a beautiful young lady through treacherous territory on a journey back to her home. The Knight Errant is a perfect gentleman and never pursues the lady from an aspect of lust. Her family questions the fact that any man could be so pure of heart. Chao is genuinely miffed that anyone would question his motives for helping the beautiful girl. When asked about it he flies into a rage and shouts, "I came here out of righteousness, but you've insulted me with such words. If I coveted her beauty, we'd have been married on the way" (74). This was not a false sense of being forced to do the right thing, it was a genuine display of righteousness that transcends our everyday decisions to behave and act in an acceptable manner. The Knight Errant was not simply following his social norms; he was being true to himself and his beliefs. The acts of a Knight Errant, and the core principle of righteousness, carry over across time and culture as we view it from the perspective of our own value system and look at it through the lens of our current social context. While many of the acts may seem violent and gruesome, their horror is diluted by the principle of justice. Just as the Knight Errant is not a man, the deeds they commit are not the acts. A Knight that kills another man is not a murderer, but an instrument of faith that is correcting a past injustice or a current threat. The deed of killing is not murder, but an act that rectifies past wrongs or eliminates present dangers. In addition, the character does not have to carry the label of Knight Errant to perform as one. The entity and its acts are merely the results of the motivation that drives the action. It is not a formalized or well-defined schema. In the story The Lady Knight Errant translated by LS Lieu, a young woman is asked what she is carrying in the lea ther bag by her side. She replies "The head of my enemy" (80). Her friend curiously looks inside the bag. "He saw a bearded head, all smashed and smeared with blood" (80). The woman continues to

Research paper about lululemon Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

About lululemon - Research Paper Example Lululemon has three main suppliers; Delta Galil, Eclat Textile company, and Workday Inc. All of the suppliers are established organization, a factor that suggest their stability and ability to meet Lululemon’s demand for resources. The fact that Lululemon’ competitors, such as Nike, also deal with the suppliers also suggests the suppliers’ reliability. Lululemon however only commands a small proportion of the suppliers’ revenues and this identifies it as a minor buyer who may lack strong bargaining power. It only commands 1.2 percent of Delta Galil’s revenues and less than one percent of revenues for Ecalt Textile and Workday Iinc (Forgeon, et al. 25, 26). The company operates direct links with customers, with women as the main customers. Adults, however, forms the major target market that women dominate, and types of offered commodities shows this because for every class of commodities, there are more types for women that for men (Lululemon 1). Studios and gyms are another target market and sells to customer (Forgeon, et al. 26). The company’s products have trademarks that protect them from unfair competition, especially through illegal trade in counterfeit commodities. Offered yoga trainings to the community is another strength that bonds the company with the community and establishes competitive advantage through the relationship and through aspects of corporate social responsibility. Research and development that leads to innovation and established product identities are other strengths that the company has. It also trains its employees to ensure quality products for customer utility. Such an initiative is also likely to ensure low employee turnover rate, as it identifies value in the organization’s employees (Bayley, Beale, Dubinsky, & Peedin 20). Lululemon however deals in a narrow range of products and this limits its revenues.

Introduction to Negotiation case assignment module 1 (Is Negotiating a Essay

Introduction to Negotiation case assignment module 1 (Is Negotiating a Panacea) - Essay Example The paper provides a basic brief on the meaning of negotiations followed by the meaning of bilateral negotiations. A focus has been made on the effectiveness of the bilateral methods of negotiation and how these can be helpful in the situations where negotiation is required. Considering the business transactions and situations where conflict resolutions are required, it is clear that using an approach where two parties exists, it is essential to take the advice of both parties and to come to a conclusion only where the parties are completely in sync with each other and have are able to reach common grounds for the issue. In a negotiation the main aim is to ensure that the parties in focus get the best deal for each. In a bilateral negotiation, the focus is more on achieving common grounds for both parties and to be able to reach at a conclusion for the benefit of all. It is important to also note, as explained by Jaakko, Jaakko & Karlos, â€Å"... negotiation analyses should not be limited to only the tactics used in actual contract negotiations at the table, but to have more focus on the design of the negotiations and actions to change the negotiation situation away from the table. In different phases of the project, there are local negotiations that focus on getting tentative agreements...† (Jaakko, Jarkko and Karlos). The authors talk about the bilateral negotiation in a very different manner and do not refer to the same directly. However there is a clear urge for negotiation technique where both parties involved are both taken into account and the needs and points of both parties are respected and considered (Ertel and Gordon). In the Bilateral negotiation, it is clear that the main intension is not about winning or losing but is focused on the needs of each member to ensure that the negotiation works fine. It has been noted that where the use of bilateral negotiation has been kept in place, there is a

Monkey in the Mirror Essays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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The Political Freedom of Self Under Islamic Regulations Essay

The Political Freedom of Self Under Islamic Regulations - Essay Example In this research paper, I’ll analyze the idea and conception of one’s political freedom in Islam, and how we can achieve it. In the beginning, I’ll quote Qur’anic verses that have particularly emphasized freedom and then, I’ll discuss al nafs (self) and its freedom in Quran. I’ll also examine the extent of man’s freedom in his actions and its political application. In addition, I’ll explore how a complete surrender to Allah’s will and message brings freedom for self. Moreover, I’ll thoroughly explain Qutb’s investigation on how complete surrender to Allah’s will brings freedom and end enslavement of other humans or systems. Additionally, I’ll explain Isaiah Berlin’s ideas of freedom and his critique of â€Å"positive freedom† in an effort to identify their relevance with Qutb’s. Lastly, I’ll explore the idea of jihad (struggle in the way of Allah or struggle against unbeliever) as Qutb refers it as a universal declaration of freedom and the way it is established. Semantically, freedom can mean a variety of things, but in this paper freedom shall be understood within the realms of Islam and within the two concept of freedom as explained by Isaiah Berlin. These two concepts are negative freedom, and positive freedom. Negative freedom is centered on the lack of restraints and constraint in carrying out actions, whereas positive freedom is the complete opposite. In positive freedom, one is restrained or allowed to act in a certain way on the basis of moral code. Muslims are free to act as they want as they can take their own decisions (determinism and mon). They are responsible for their actions; therefore, they need to purify their actions and self. In an effort to purify the inner self, they follow the regulations set by Islam. Jihad Asghar constitute three stages of self, and practicing it

Team project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Team project - Essay Example Executive members receive a reward of up to two percent reward on Costco purchases per year.( Costco.com) Company vision as put forward by its founder, Jim Sinegal, is to â€Å"give the customer the best value we can†. His strategic vision is to give customers the best value and at the right price. He stressed the importance of treating people right and with respect. It works under the philosophy of â€Å"To keep costs down and pass savings to customers.† (costco.com) Costco sells automotive supplies, sporting goods, hardware, apparels, jewelry, toys, electronic goods and health aids. Away from the usual business activities, COSTO offers technical and non technical services based on different forte such as travel operations to financial investments. Other services of COSTCO includes COSTCO Photo Center, COSTCO Travel, Food Service and Shopping. In 2010, the company branched out to publishing, and has started to publish books and calendars. (Success Story. 2015) Costco does not raise prices because it believes it will be its downfall. In order to offer lower prices than competitors, it adopted a mark-up price of only 15 percent which is much lower than department stores. Department stores, according to Bond, Ronald, 2015,has a mark-up of 50 percent. Costco keeps its price down because they sell in bulk so that a cost of operation is down. Costco distribute its products through its international warehouse designed buildings located at various global sites. Costco has 672 warehouses in various regions, majority of which are in America. Few are located in Asia, such as there are 20 COSTCO warehouse stores in Japan, 11 in South Korea, 10 in Taiwan and 7 in Australia. It has also opened an internet website to keep abreast with competition, with free shipping and discounts to members. It limits distribution of its products by carrying

Men of Honor Essay Example for Free

Men of Honor Essay Cosby, B. and Robertson, S. (Producers) Tillman, G. (Director). (2001). Men of Honor [Motion Picture]. United States of American: Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation The movie begins by introducing Master Chief Leslie W. (Billy) Sunday (Robert DeNiro), a US Navy Diver, who has recently gone AWOL. The movie then flashes back 25 years, where an African-American boy named Carl Braschear is watching his father work the plow on their farm. Carl wants to quit school so that he will be able to help work and then prevent the farm from ruin. Carl’s father is against his son being like him and stuck working on a farm. As time passes Carl (Cuba Gooding Jr. ) decides to join the Navy. On the day Carl is leaving for the Navy, Carl’s father gives his son a custom-built portable radio as a memento of home, and tells Carl to be the best, even if it means breaking the rules. Carl winds up working in the kitchens on the USS Hoist in the South Pacific. He and the other African American officer’s joke about the so-called bright future the Navy promised them. Afterwards, Carl and his friends go up on deck where the white officers are swimming (the black crew members are assigned a specific day when they can swim). Carl, tired and hot, decides to jump in the water. The white officers try and chase him down, but Carl out-swims all of them. The ships captain meets with Carl and, impressed with the boys speed, decides to transfer Carl to the search rescue swimmers, a group assigned to rescue anyone who falls overboard on ship. A few days later, the ship is rocked by an apparent crash. Carl assists the others on deck in raising a Navy Diver from the sea floor with the wounded pilot. The Diver is Master Chief Sunday. Carl, having seen Sundays actions as heroic, is inspired and vows to become a Navy Master Diver. Two years later, Carl is reporting for Diving School. Despite the harsh treatments, Carl performs admirably in his training, assembling machinery and adapting to the diving suit with much greater results than a large number of his classmates. Unfortunately, Carl is falling behind in the academic requirements-scoring only a 37 on his first exam. If he fails again, Carl will be kicked out of the program. One weekend, on leave, Carl comes to a library in the hopes of getting a tutor to help him. He meets a young woman named Jo who is studying medicine. Carl stays the entire night at the library reading and learning more about the Navy program. Next morning, Jo is so impressed by his progress that she agrees to help Carl. After diligent studying Carl passed his next exam allowing him to remain in the navy dive program. The time has come and Carl has passed his final exam with a 94, Chief Sunday has been instructed by the Senior Officer at the training to school to do whatever is necessary to prevent Carl from passing the final test. Most of the other recruits are able to complete the project in about 2 hours. Carl remains in the water for 9 hours after having to find all of his components in the excruciatingly cold water; Carl Brashear has passed his final and essentially graduated with honors from Diving School. After waiting several years as a stand by divers, Carl finally is assigned to a ship allowing him to dive. An accident on the ship’s deck causes the lines to snap. Carl shoves several other deck hands aside, but his own leg is caught by the snapped wire. Carl realizes his diving days are over but refuses to give up, he request his leg be amputated. He begins the difficult process of learning to move and act with a prosthetic. Master Chief Sunday pays Carl a visit while in the hospital and encourages him to not give up and they will train together. Two months later, after completing all the difficult tasks Naval Personnel placed before him, he was reinstated to full diving duty. Carl became the first African-American amputee to be on active Navy diving duty, and be promoted to Master Chief. Carl continued in his Naval career for another nine years before finally retiring. Personal Reflection Men or Honor is a movie which offers the viewer a great deal of emotion. Even though I previously watch the movie some years before, I felt this would be the perfect movie based on our studies. Carl, the main actor in the movie was determined to succeed in life. Because of his father’s confidence and determination, Carl wanted a better life. Society consistently provides roadblocks for everyone even those with some type of disability. In each segment of the movie, my feelings bounced between crying and laughing. Each time Carl was faced with an adversity, I found myself getting mad Critical Thought This week’s discussion dealt with Individuals and Disabilities. Over the years, people who have a â€Å"disability have been subjected to prejudice and more. And the first way to diminish someone is through language, by using words or labels to identify a person as less-than, as the others—not like us, and so forth. Once a person has been identified this way, it makes it easier to justify prejudice and discrimination. One of many concepts which caught my attention this week was the importance of putting a person first before the disability. This allows the disability to be in the background while the focus is on the person. Often times, people with disabilities are fighting society to let them know they are not their disabilities. People are not victims due to their disability; people are victims of attitudes and discrimination.

Hospital Management In Nepal Health And Social Care Essay

Hospital Management In Nepal Health And Social Care Essay There is no internationally accepted clear definition for hospital. There are several types of hospitals based on the facilities, equipments and services, i.e. district hospitals, provincial hospitals, speciality hospitals and referral hospitals, teaching University hospitals and other types of health care facilities. There is no international standard defining what should be the minimum services that each hospital should provide during a health crisis. Each country has to develop a national policy and technical guidelines to deal with a health crisis. Before defining the essential services, the ministry of health has to define the essential health services that the health sector will provide to the community to the community in order to identify what more specific services will be delivered by hospitals (WHO, 2009). Management is defined as the organization and coordination of the activities of an enterprise in accordance with certain policies and in achievement of defined objectives. Management is included as a factor of production along with machines, materials and money. Renowned guru of management Peter Drucker (19909-2005) has said that the basic task of management is two fold: marketing and innovation. Practice of modern management owes its origin to the 16th century enquiry into low efficiency and failures of certain enterprises, conducted by the English statesman Sir. Thomas Moore (1478-1535). As a discipline, management consists of the interlocking services of formulating corporate policy6 and organizing, planning, controlling and directing an organizations resources to achieve the policies objectives (Walden University, 2011).Hospital managenmnet.net suggests that Hospital Management provides a direct link between healthcare facilities and those supplying the services they need ( Hospi tal management.net 2011) . WHO in 2009 suggests understanding by hospital management as the effective and combined management of, the following factors:- (a) Acute care for emergency patients; (b) Out Patient Department (OPD) activities; (c) Investigation (laboratory; X-ray; other diagnostic elements); (d) Referral for primary health care (PHC); specialized consultations or services; (e) Contribution to public health programmes; (f) Part of health information system (surveillance system, including a EWS Component); (g) Public information and education; and (h) Preparedness for health crisis management. . Nepal is a landlocked country which is mostly covered by hills and mountains and it has a population of 25.8 million as estimated in 2006. It is in the south Asian continent, north to India and south to China. Its area is 147,181 sq. km (WHO, 2007). It has been facing several challenges to establish a functional health management system (Thapa, 2010). This essay deals with the challenges which Nepali health system is facing at present and suggests the possible ways for its improvement. Statement of the problem Nepals health system is in transition. Nepal is an underdeveloped country where the health indicators are very poor. The health service facility is not adequate to Nepali people. So the hospitals are (Dixit, 2005). Nepals hospital bed per ten thousand populations is 4.26 (2001/02), physician per ten thousand populations is 2 and Nurses per ten thousand population is also 2 as per the data of 2004 Similarly, Total Expenditure on Health (THE) as % of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 5.3% and Public Expenditure on Health (PHE) as % of Total Expenditure on Health (THE) is 28 while Private Expenditure on Health (PvtHE) as % of Total Expenditure on Health (THE) 72(WHO, 2007). If it is compared with the other developing countries in the same region i.e. south east Asian region, the level of the problem may be perceived. Maldives, a small tiny country with population 298 thousand has Total Expenditure on Health (THE) as % of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 6.2. Maldives Public Expenditure on Health (PHE) as % of Total Expenditure on Health (THE) is 89 as compared with 28 of Nepal. Private Expenditure on Health (PvtHE) as % of Total Expenditure on Health (THE) in Maldives is 11. It shows that the state has better involvement in Maldives than in Nepal. More over, the population per hospital bed is 381, which are 26.2 hospital beds per 10000 populations. Similarly, number of populations per physician 959 and nurses per 10000 populations are 33 (WHO, 2007). It clearly shows the scenario of health development of Nepal. As part of health, curative health services have a major role in providing quality health service to the people. Until the health care provider organizations are strong, the curative health service can not be delivered to the beneficiaries properly (Edelman and Mandle 2006). Hospitals are the key component of health care delivery system and they needs to be reformed to ensure a quality health care system (McKay and Healy, 2000).Unfortunately the hospitals in Nepal have very poor in quality management and they are not able to deliver quality health services to the people (Dixit, 2005). To address the needs and requirement of the hospital, the government of Nepal ( GON), Ministry of Health and Population ( MOHP) has published The guideline on the establishment, Operation policy and standard and infrastructure for Private and Public Health Hospitals in 2004 ( MOHP,2004). But it is still lacking in the formulation of the standard for the hospitals run by the government (Dixit, 2005). However, the policy published by the MOHP tries to clarify on the basic parameters of the infrastructures required for the hospitals which may be applied for the general hospitals as well. But the document does not speak about the application in the government run hospitals (MOHP, 2004). That is why; there is a lack of clear cut guideline for the management of hospital. Nepals health sector is facing a challenge regarding the management (Dixit, 2005). As part of whole system of health in the country, management of the hospitals is also a challenge. 1.2 Summary of the problem Nepal has set a target to achieve the millennium Development goals by 2015. It has to meet the target in all health indicators. Goal no 3 and 4 are c loosely related with health and as part of curative health, hospital and hospital management have crucial role in health promotion. In Nepalese context, hospital management skill and concept of hospital management is still beyond the priority of the government and the government still does not have any policy guidelines over the hospital management sector (Dixit, 2005). People skill is a key asset for the development of key management styles. Dealing the people is a professional skill in itself. Being able to see from the perspective of others is essential, and caring for their welfare is also of prime importance. There are many high-profile examples of how to develop a successful management style. Managers like Bill Gates and Warren Buffett have famously developed their own distinctive management style from which others can learn. However, the fact that the two examples are very different management styles shows that there is no single route to success (Bono and Hellers, 2009). But unfortunately, there are no clear guidelines or policy found in the government documents. The recent document on the guideline on the requirement of a hospital, government does not speak about the hospital management, its skill development and transfer for the improvement of a hospital (MOHP, 2004). Lack of professional skill in the person responsible to manage the hospitals has created a problem in hospital management. The government run or supervised hospitals still do not have positions for the hospitals. MOHP in its policy document has not mentioned anything about the hospital managers (MOHP, 2004). However, the private hospitals have started hiring them which is still out of the government policy (Thapa, 2010). Nepal is a underdeveloped country where the literacy rate is only 62.7% for male and 34.9% for female as per the report of census 2001 (CBS, 2001). It means still 64.1% women are out of literacy coverage. Nepal has poor health facilities all over the country except in capital Kathmandu and other urban areas. Most of the doctors are not willing to go to the rural areas hospitals and they are often running without (qualified) doctors (Dixit, 2005). In conclusion, the poor socio-economic conditions, hard geographical conditions and lack of awareness of the people and traditional beliefs and superstitions, lack of will in the political parties and their leaders are the main burning issues for the improvement of health sector in Nepal (Chaulagain, 2004). These all are problems associated with the hospitals and ultimately with their management. The factors associated to hospital management are still not uncovered in Nepal (Thapa, 2010). So, it Purpose of the study As mentioned above, it has been obvious that Nepal is facing the problems to strengthen the management of the health sector. The documents are not found to have been lacking regarding the strategies and policies on the health management. So, the essay aims to identify the hindering factors affecting the hospital management in Nepal. It will study the existing policies and strategies of the government of Nepal on hospital management, international principles, theories and practices on hospital management and identify the factors which are affecting the betterment for hospital management sector of Nepal. So, the purpose of the study is to identify the current issues that hinder the hospital management in the case of Nepal and suggest the concerning authorities about improving the management system, formulating the policies and implementing them. It will analyse the strength and limitations of the hospital management system in Nepal and help all the concerned to mitigate and minimize them. Main research question The study can not answer all questions that come on surface while studying about the issue. So, to narrow down the study area and sharpen the focus, the study has defined the main study questions as follows:- What are the hindering factors that effect the hospital management in Nepal? Subsidiary Questions To supplement the main research question, these questions are defined as subsidiary questions as follows:- What are the existing strong aspects of the hospital management in Nepal? What are the limiting factors in hospital management in Nepal? How is the existing hospital management system in Nepal? What is the appropriate modality or best practices of hospital management that are applied in the world by other countries and What are the factors that are hindering the in the betterment in the hospital management in Nepal? Hypothesis Lindsen and Jong (2005) have defined hypothesis as an alternative explanation of residual switch trial costs or, more precisely, of the empirical finding that the repetition trial (RT) distribution for switch trials with a long preparation intervals can be modelled as a mixture of the RT distributions for repetition trials and for switch trials with a short preparation interval (Lindsen and Jong, 2010). In here, the hypothesis tries to establish an alternative factor that might be supposed to be the commonest hindering factor for the management of hospitals in Nepal. The hypothesis taken here is the lack of professionalization of hospital managers or the person who are involved in the management of either government run or private or community run hospitals in Nepal. It will be verified by the study afterwards in here. Significance of Study As mentioned above there are no special policies and practices established for hospital management in Nepal. The hospitals are managed by the medical doctors or surgeons so far (MOHP, 2004). The doctors are not entitled to diagnose the patients, treat them, run medical and surgical and public health cams campaigns in the hospitals or in the periphery of the hospitals. The Medical council is liable to assign the job responsibilities of the doctors in the case of Nepal. But it has not mentioned about the management part of the hospital and its regulation, Nepal Medical Council Act, 1964 (amended in 2001).It does not speak who is responsible for that (Nepal Medical Council, NMC, 2001). There is no one professionally responsible for the hospital management in the present context. In the country where the government policy about the medical sector does not speak about the role of hospital management, it becomes obvious that the hospital management sector is not running smoothly. No presen ce of the monitoring body to supervise and evaluate the hospital management is found in the present documents whether published by the government or private organizations. So, the studies significance is in establishing the fact what is the main barrier and other minor barriers in the hospital management of Nepal. That is why this study is has an important significance.

Onderwerp de doodstraf

Onderwerp de doodstraf Ik kies voor het onderwerp de doodstraf omdat het vrij actueel is en het mij interesseert omdat het een veelbesproken onderwerp is. Ik heb dit onderwerp gekozen omdat bijna alle mensen hier een mening over hebben en omdat er in de Bijbel over gesproken wordt. Ikzelf ben van mening dat de doodstraf iets is wat niet mag en dus afgeschaft moet worden. Ik vindt het ook een heel erg interessant onderwerp omdat het niet duidelijk in de Bijbel staat. Het is voor mij dus ook een klein beetje een zoektocht naar antwoorden Toch delen de mensen die de Bijbel hebben gelezen niet dezelfde mening, dat komt omdat er in de Bijbel niet heel duidelijk staat of het wel of niet mag. Zo staat er: Jullie hebben gehoord dat tot de ouden gezegd is: U zult niet doden. Wie doodt, zal uitgeleverd worden aan het gerecht. Maar Ik zeg jullie: ieder die zijn broeder een kwaad hart toedraagt, zal uitgeleverd worden aan het gerecht. (Matteà ¼s 5, 21-22) Hier staat dus dat je niet mag doden en dus niet mag oordelen of iemand moet blijven leven of ter dood veroordeeld moet worden. Nog bekender is de uitspraak: Oog om oog, tand om tand.( Exodus 21 ). Dat zou dus betekenen dat als je iemand dood, zelf ook gedood moet worden. Dus in moderne tijd vertaald; iemand die heeft gedood, moet door de rechter ter dood worden veroordeeld. Maar in de Bijbel staat ook: Wie iemand zo treft, dat hij sterft, zal zeker ter dood gebracht worden. Wie zijn vader of moeder slaat, zal zeker ter dood gebracht worden. Wie een mens rooft, hetzij hij hem reeds verkocht heeft, hetzij deze nog in zijn bezit wordt aangetroffen, zal zeker ter dood veroordeeld worden. Wie zijn vader of moeder vervloekt, zal zeker ter dood gebracht worden. Het staat dus niet duidelijk in de Bijbel of het wel of niet mag. Daarom is ook niet iedereen het erover eens. Er zijn verschillende ideeà «n en theorieà «n over de doodstraf. Dit is ook een van de redenen dat ik me hierin wil verdiepen, het is een veelbesproken onderwerp maar nog te onduidelijk voor mij om te beoordelen of het wel of niet mag volgens de Bijbel. Het is een onderwerp die naar mijn mening ook te maken heeft met abortus omdat je met abortus een levend kind wegneemt. Je kiest er dus voor om dat kind te doden. Dit is iets wat volgens de Bijbel verboden is. Voor mij is dit abortus nog erger dan de doodstraf. Maar omdat het ik het over het onderwerp de doodstraf doe ga ik daar niet te veel op in. Ook is het vaak de vraag of dat de veroordeelde wel echt schuldig is. Want hoe vaak is het wel niet voorgekomen dat iemand onterecht vast zat? Ook is dit een paar keer met mensen gebeurd die achteraf onschuldig bleken te zijn. Zoals hierboven staat zijn er veel verschillende standpunten. Ook onder mensen met dezelfde religies zijn de meningen verdeeld. Zo is mijn oom dominee en tegen de doodstraf terwijl mijn andere oom ook christelijk is maar wel voor de doodstraf is. Er is dus nog veel om te doen en juist daarom zijn er veel verschillende argumenten en standpunten.. Ik heb de standpunten en argumenten in 4 groepen verdeeld. Voor de doodstraf Voor de doodstraf volgens Bijbels perspectief Tegen de doodstraf Tegen de doodstraf volgens Bijbels perspectief Voor de doodstraf. Het is veel goedkoper om de doodstraf toe te passen dan iemand een aantal jaar in de gevangenis te houden. De familieleden van het slachtoffer of het slachtoffer zelf hebben veel leed moeten doorstaan door de dader, terwijl ze dit niet hebben verkozen. De doodstraf maakt dit iets dragelijker. Het kan ook meteen voorkomen dat mensen het recht in eigen handen gaan nemen en het slachtoffer gaan wreken. De doodstraf kan werken als een afschrikkend middel. Een crimineel zal nu zich eerder bedenken om een zwaar misdrijf te plegen vanwege de zware straf die erop staat. Een moordenaar zou niet meer de maatschappij in mogen want hij zou misschien weer kunnen herhalen wat hij al eerder heeft gedaan. De doodstraf is de zwaarste straf die je kunt geven en de enige vergelding voor. Voor de doodstraf vanuit Bijbels perspectief. Wie iemand zo treft, dat hij sterft, zal zeker ter dood gebracht worden Wie zijn vader of moeder slaat, zal zeker ter dood gebracht worden. Wie een mens rooft, hetzij hij hem reeds verkocht heeft, hetzij deze nog zijn bezit wordt aangetroffen, zal zeker ter dood veroordeeld worden. Wie zijn vader of moeder vervloekt, zal zeker ter dood gebracht worden. Als een man overspel pleegt met de vrouw van een ander, moeten beiden ter dood worden gebracht. Tegen de doodstraf. Het is tegen de rechten van de mens (artikel 3 en 5) De doodstraf is onherroepelijk Het wordt gebruikt als vergelding niet als straf De doodstraf schrikt niet af, terwijl dat wel de bedoeling is. Het is vooral een straf voor de nabestaanden De doodstraf heeft discriminerende effecten De dader heeft geen kans om zijn leven te beteren Het is kwaad met kwaad vergelden, je doet zelf wat je tegen een ander zegt dat Hij/zij dat niet mag doen. Tegen de doodstraf vanuit Bijbels perspectief. De doodstrafdruist in tegen andere bijbelse opdrachten, zoals Gij zult niet doden. Maar we mogen volgensPaulusook geen kwaad met kwaad vergelden(Romeinen 12:17) Jullie hebben gehoord dat tot de ouden gezegd is: U zult niet doden. Wie doodt, zal uitgeleverd worden aan het gerecht. Maar Ik zeg jullie: ieder die zijn broeder een kwaad hart toedraagt, zal uitgeleverd worden aan het gerecht. (Matteà ¼s 5, 21-22) Jullie hebben gehoord dat er gezegd is: Oog om oog en tand om tand. Maar Ik zeg jullie een zaak niet uit te vechten met iemand die je kwaad heeft gedaan. Maar als iemand jou een klap op je rechterwang geeft, houd hem dan ook de andere voor. (Matteà ¼s 5, 38-39) Jullie hebben gehoord dat er gezegd is: U zult uw naaste liefhebben en uw vijand haten. Maar Ik zeg jullie: heb je vijanden lief en bid voor wie je vervolgen, dan zullen jullie kinderen worden van je Vader in de hemel, want die laat zijn zon opgaan over slechten en goeden, en Hij laat het regenen over rechtvaardigen en onrechtvaardigen. Wees volmaakt, zoals ook uw hemelse Vader volmaakt is. (Matteà ¼s 5,43-45, 48) Uiteraard zijn er nog meer standpunten en argumenten maar ik kan ze niet allemaal gebruiken dus heb ik een selectie gemaakt. Mijn standpunt over de doodstraf of het wel of niet mag is heel makkelijk. Het mag NIET!! Ik vind dat de mens niet mag oordelen of iemand dood moet of moet blijven leven, er staat ook in de bijbel dat de mens niet mag oordelen dus laten we dat dan ook niet doen. Ook hebben we niet de capaciteit, ik neem als voorbeeld Amerika waar nog met regelmaat de doodstraf wordt opgelegd. Het hele land en in sommige gevallen bemoeit de hele wereld zich ermee, iedereen heeft een mening en de media zit er bovenop. Dan lijkt het mij niet dat een rechter onder deze druk een goed besluit kan nemen. Ik heb ook altijd geleerd van mijn ouders dat als ik boos was niet boos mocht blijven en hem of haar ook niet iets toe mocht wensen. Als ik dat wel deed dan zou ik over iemand oordelen en er was maar 1 iemand die dat mocht doen; God ! Dus, als je er niet over mag oordelen, waarom zou je het dan wel in werkelijkheid mogen brengen? Het klopt dat de Bijbel vol staat over moorden, en mijn bovengenoemde argumenten staan ook allemaal in de Bijbel. Toch denk ik dat het volgens de Bijbel niet mag. Alle argumenten die hierboven zijn opgenoemd staan in het OUDE Testament. Jezus is in het NIEUWE Testament gekomen en heeft dus een aantal dingen gezegd waaruit ik kan opleiden dat moorden(doodstraf) niet mag. Hij haalde het Oude Testament aan om de Oude wet te voltooien omdat Hij de Nieuwe wet was en is. Veel mensen gebruiken dan het argument: Ja maar in de Bijbel staat oog om oog, tand om tand. Deze mensen hebben het stuk dan niet gelezen. Want er staat namelijk ook : Oog om oog en tand om tand. Maar Ik zeg jullie een zaak niet uit te vechten met iemand die je kwaad heeft gedaan. Maar als iemand jou een klap op je rechterwang geeft, houd hem dan ook de andere voor. (Matteà ¼s 5, 38-39) Tegenwoordig zijn er verschillende manieren om de doodstraf uit te voeren. De meeste manieren zijn de galg, de kogel, de elektrische stoel, de gaskamer en de dodelijke injectie. De meningen zijn verdeeld over wat nu het meest humaan is. Veel mensen vinden de dodelijke injectie het meest humaan maar ze realiseren zich niet dat ook een hele lijdensweg is. Misschien heb je geen pijn maar stel je voor dat je daar ligt (terecht of onterecht) je zit vastgebonden en er is niks meer wat je kan doen. De lichten in de kamer gaan aan en het doek gaat open, ze ziet nog de blikken van je eigen familie, de jury en de familie van de gedupeerde. Dan krijg je opeens een paar spuiten in je arm, de doeken gaan dicht en je bent alleen in een dichte kamer. je wilt nog dingen zeggen en je wilt bewegen maar niemand die jou hoort en ziet. Alles wordt langzaam minder, je zicht, je ademhaling, je hartslag. En je weet dat je binnen enkele minuten dood gaat. Ook dit is geen fijne dood. Dus het maakt mij niet uit hoe de doodstraf wordt uitgevoerd ik ben gewoon tegen de doodstraf omdat het een onmenselijke en onomkeerbare straf is. Ook zonder de bijbel te hebben gelezen. Zou ik tegen deze straf zijn. Ik vind het ook hypocriet, je mag niet moorden maar omdat de verdachte/dader heeft gemoord, vermoord je hem of haar ook maar. Ook voor de nabestaanden levert dit niks op. Als de dader de doodstraf krijgt opgelegd dan is de dader wel dood maar daar krijgen ze niet hun verloren persoon mee terug. Deze persoon krijgen ze natuurlijk nooit meer terug maar als de dader levenslang krijgt dan kan hij wel na gaan denken in zijn cel over zijn zonden en misdaden. Naar mijn mening is dit dus ook een veel betere straf en kan de dader ook spijt betuigen voor zover hij/zij dat nog niet heeft gedaan. Hij leert er dus iets van en kan in die cel misschien wel tot bekering komen. De doodstraf is dus een nutteloze straf waarbij geen winnaars vallen, eigenlijk al leen maar verliezer. De doodstraf is een heel terechte straf voor zware misdrijven. Als je de doodstraf invoer weten de mensen wat de gevolgen kunnen zijn dus is het gelijk een stok achter de deur. Het schrikt dus af en dan bedenken de criminelen zich wel een tweede keer voor ze een poging doen tot een zwaar misdrijf. Het is ook heel terecht want als jij een leven van iemand neem dan heb je zelf natuurlijk ook het recht niet meer om te leven. In de mensenrechten staat wel dat iedereen recht heeft op een leven. Maar als iemand andere mensen heeft vermoord, heeft hij zelf dan nog wel het recht op leven? Ik vind van niet!! Ieder mens heeft recht op een bestaan maar op het moment dat jij dat leven afpak van iemand heb je dat recht gewoon verspeelt. Bovendien is iemand die een moord heeft gepleegd een moordenaar en dus ook een bedreiging voor de samenleving. Is het dan wel verstandig om zo iemand op te sluiten en hem verder te laten leven tussen vier muren? Nee, iemand kan altijd ontsnappen of wegens goed gedrag vrij komen (als de dader geen levenslang heeft gehad). Daarom is het beter om deze dader de doodstraf op te leggen. Ook voorkom je hiermee wraakacties. Vaak is een familielid of vriend van de gedupeerde uit op wraak, als iemand dood is kan hij/zij geen wraak meer nemen. Ook kan de doodstraf in sommige gevallen humaner zijn dan een (levenslange) gevangenisstraf. In Nederland is dit misschien niet het geval maar denk aan landen in Azià « of in het Oostblok, daar is de gevangenis echt geen pretje. Daar zijn de voorzieningen zeer slecht, je zit met veel mensen in à ©Ãƒ ©n cel en heb dus geen privacy. Je krijgt daar lichamelijke straffen, je wordt verkracht. Ook dat is geen pretje. Daarom willen sommige daders liever de do odstraf dan levenslang. Ook in financieel oogpunt is de doodstraf beter. Het is een goedkopere manier om de daders te straffen. In Nederland kost het ongeveer 300 euro per dag voor à ©Ãƒ ©n gevangene ! Kun je nagaan hoeveel het kost als iemand 25 jaar lang in een gevangenis zit! Dat is 2,8 miljoen euro ! Nou is de vraag of diegene het wel waard is nadat hij/zij zon erge misdaad heeft gepleegd. Ook in de bijbel staan er veel voorbeelden waarin staat wanneer de doodstraf toegestaan is, zoals: Als een man overspel pleegt met de vrouw van een ander, moeten beiden ter dood worden gebracht. Hier staat dus dat als een man overspel pleegt hij ter dood gebracht moet worden. In andere woorden: vreemdgaan = doodstraf. Dus ook in de Bijbel is het toegestaan dat de doodstraf wordt uitgevoerd, waarom zouden we die nu dan niet toepassen. Als je iemand veroordeelt tot een paar jaar gevangenisstraf terwijl hij een hele familie vermoordt schrikt dat natuurlijk niet af, daarom is het juist goed om zware misdrijven hard aan te pakken. Vaak kan dat alleen met de doodstraf. En waarom zouden we de doodstraf niet invoeren als dat toch geen negatieve gevolgen heeft voor het gewone volk. Het is immers de bedoeling dat alleen de misdadigers worden aangepakt. Het volk dat zich normaal gedraagt zal hier niks van merken. Daarom moet de doodstraf weer worden ingevoerd. Het gaat alleen op voor mensen die zich niet aan de wet houden, als jij je aan de wet houdt is er niks aan de hand. En vaak zijn de mensen die moorden, mensen waarbij een steekje los zit. Kranten VS in actie tegen de doodstraf OPENING, Van onze correspondent Bert Lanting op11 augustus 00, 00:00, bijgewerkt20 januari 09, 12:31 Ook al is er binnen de Verenigde Staten kritiek op de doodstraf, de belangstelling voor de ultieme straf is gering. Amerikaanse kranten hopen de discussie een nieuwe wending te geven door een DNA-test te laten uitvoeren in een oude zaak. Een aantal Amerikaanse kranten wil de discussie over de doodstraf in de VS een nieuwe wending geven door een DNA-test te laten doen om na te gaan of een gevangene die vier jaar geleden werd geà «xecuteerd, werkelijk schuldig was. De kranten kregen daarvoor deze week toestemming van een rechter in Georgia. Het gaat om de zaak van Ellis Felker, die in 1996 in Georgia ter dood werd gebracht wegens het verkrachten en vermoorden van een meisje. Felker heeft altijd volgehouden dat hij onschuldig was. Via een DNA-onderzoek van zijn haar en stukjes huid die onder de nagels van het meisje werden gevonden, hopen de kranten waaronder The Boston Globe en The Atlanta Journal-Constitution er achter te komen of Felker gelijk had. De afgelopen jaren zijn al tientallen gevangenen vrijgekomen, nadat uit DNA-onderzoek was gebleken dat zij onschuldig waren. Bij terdoodveroordeelden gebeurde dat zelfs op het moment dat zij op hun executie zaten te wachten. Als ooit kan worden aangetoond dat iemand ten onrechte is geà «xecuteerd, krijgt het debat over de doodstraf een heel andere wending, voorspelt Ben Bradlee jr. van de Boston Globe. Dat zou vooral pijnlijk zijn voor de gouverneur van Texas, George Bush, die er steeds op hamert dat onder zijn bewind nooit een onschuldige is geà «xecuteerd. Een paar jaar geleden probeerde de rooms-katholieke kerk in Virginia een DNA-test te laten doen om zekerheid te krijgen over de schuld of onschuld van een andere gevangene die wegens moord en verkrachting ter dood was gebracht. Maar een rechtbank weigerde dat omdat het bewijsmateriaal besmet was. Volgens openbaar aanklager Kelly Burke uit het district waar het vonnis tegen Felker werd voltrokken, zegt het DNA-onderzoek niets. Ook als de stukjes huid onder de nagels van het slachtoffer van iemand anders blijken, zijn er volgens hem voldoende andere bewijzen die aantonen dat Felker de dader was. Gouverneur George Bush, de Republikeinse presidentskandidaat, is vanuit het buitenland onder vuur komen te liggen wegens de executie van een zwakzinnige gevangene. Mensenrechtenorganisaties en de EU hadden er tegen geprotesteerd, maar Bush legde de kritiek naast zich neer. Texas executeerde gisteren twee gevangenen, maar de protesten richtten zich vooral tegen de executie van Oliver Cruz. De 33-jarige Cruz kreeg de doodstraf wegens het verkrachten en vermoorden van een vrouw die op een luchtmachtbasis in San Antonio werkte. Maar volgens zijn advocaat verdiende hij die straf niet, omdat hij zwakzinnig is. Het besluit de executie door te laten gaan werd genomen door vice-gouverneur Rick Perry, maar gouverneur Bush, die op campagne is, liet weten dat hij het met diens besluit eens was. De jury heeft uitgebreid bewijsmateriaal gehoord over de geestelijke vermogens van Cruz, maar is tot de conclusie gekomen dat zijn gruwelijke en berekende misdaad een doodvonnis rechtvaardigde, zei Bush. Een half uur voordat Cruz een dodelijk spuitje kreeg , was een andere gevangene in de executiekamer terechtgesteld. Hij was veroordeeld wegens de moord op een bejaard echtpaar. Met de voltrekking van de twee vonnissen kwam het aantal gevangenen dat onder gouverneur Bush ter dood is gebracht op 140, een record. De executie van Cruz heeft in de Amerikaanse pers tot een discussie geleid over het executeren van misdadigers met uiterst beperkte geestelijke vermogens. Dertien van de 38 staten die de doodstraf kennen, hebben wetten die de executie van zwakzinnigen verbieden. De meeste van die staten leggen de drempel bij een IQ van 65. Cruz kwam bij intelligentietests uit op een IQ van 63. De openbaar aanklager bestreed dat niet, maar betoogde dat het hem alleen maar gevaarlijker maakte. Hoewel er vanuit het buitenland veel kritiek was op de executie van Cruz, trok zijn zaak in de Verenigde Staten echter veel minder aandacht dan de executie van Gary Graham, eerder deze zomer. De kritiek was dat Graham ter dood was veroordeeld op basis van de verklaring van slechts à ©Ãƒ ©n ooggetuige. Graham zelf hield tot het eind vol dat hij de moord niet had gepleegd. Ondanks alle kritiek liet George Bush de executie doorgaan. Sindsdien lijkt de belangstelling voor het onderwerp te zijn weggeà «bd.