History and Comparison of American Musicals

business relationship and Comparison of Ameri croup MusicalsUtopia is an ideal macrocosm state where everything which happens is perfect and in that respect ar no negative emotions like sadness, anger or jealousy to exist in it. The realism is perfect and has every situation dying in the most enjoyable manner possible. Consciously, or unconsciously, the human legal opinion strives towards perfection to create an ideal world- a utopia for itself. But, in real animateness, this is non possible and this leads to a multitude of emotions like sadness, disappointment, anger, etc. which is the arctic of what a person in utopia should feel like. To learn patronage this sense of utopia notwithstanding temporarily, humans started projecting the c atomic number 18fully constructed ideal world by dint of cheer such as theatre, takes, melodious comedy theaters etc.In this essay, I will canvas the contracts Singing in the Rain by Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen and decent Me in St. Louis by Vincette Minnelli as examples of classic American musicals against Moulin Rouge and Romeo + Juliet by Baz Luhrmann as examples of coetaneous American musicals on the basis of whether they see the idea of musicals cosmos a form of skirt into utopianism. First, I will use kink Altmans The American Film Musical, which has laid out quite a a few(prenominal) criteria for a standard American musical to analyse these impressions and ensure they satisfy those criteria. Also, I will focus on Utopianism by using Richard Dyer, in Only Entertainment.Two of the taken-for-granted descriptions of diversion, as die hard and as wish-ful fool awayent, point to its commutation thrust, namely utopianism. (Dyer, Chapter 3, Pg. 18)By using entertainment, humans are able to escape to the realm of utopia but this realm is not produced by using models of utopian worlds, rather it is brought forth with feelings and emotions. Dyer claims that,It thereof works at the level of sensibil ity, by which I mean an affective code that is characteristic of, and largely specific to, a delven mode of cultural production. This code uses both figurative and non- figurative signs. (Dyer, Chapter 3, Pg. 18)Using Dyers words, I will in like manner try to analyse the representational and non-representational signs of the films mentioned before.Meet me in St. Louis is an American musical which was released in 1944 with a clean simple storyline which focusses on an upper middle class family with their quaternary daughters and a son. It is based in St. Louis, Missouri in the year guide up to the 1904 Worlds Fair and goes finished the struggles this family faces and how they overcome them together. The American film musical is known to have a dual focus story. As Altman says, in The American Film Musical,Instead of commission all its interest on a single central character, following the trajectory of her progress, the American film musical has a dual focus, built around pa rallel stars of opposite sex and radically divergent values. This dual-focus structure requires the viewer to be tenuous not so untold to chronology and progression- for the outcome of the male/ young-bearing(prenominal) mate is entirely conventional and thus quite predictable- but to simultaneity and comparison. (Altman, Chapter II, Pg. 19)Altman alike says,Whereas the traditional approach to account assumes that structure grows out of plot, the dual-focus structure of the American film musical derives from character (Altman, Chapter II, Pg. 21)In Meet Me in St. Louis, on that point is a dual focus narrative. The plot revolves around the entire family, focussing mostly on Esther and her relationship and the news show of the familys fulminant move to new York. By subjecting these narratives to simultaneity and comparison, we can see that they are interdependent as the narrative of the family moving away threatens the newly found relationships of Esther and her other family members- Esther and John, travel and Warren, the parents with their kids. Also, this is putting Esthers sock for her family and her boyfriend against separately other. As for structure etymologizing from character, the film is structured in a way that the character Esther and her seduction for her love occupies the first part of the film and this is followed up by the sudden announcement of her familys move to New York by her father. This is done to ensure the entertainment factor is still present by creating mild tension, as the direct goal is achieved and the viewers shouldnt lose interest.Singing in the Rain also adheres to the principle of dual narrative as there are divergent narratives or paths for both the male and female protagonists. The film portrays the struggle of American film studios and their transition from the lowstood films to the talkies. The male protagonist, Don Lockwood (Gene Kelly), is a silent film actor with humble origins, who tries to survive and retain his place in the film industry during the transition. The female protagonist, Kathy Selden (Debbie Reynolds), is an aspiring stage actress who is used by Lina Lamont to be her voice backstage but she finally is given reference and her career flourishes. There are other side narratives which tie into the briny narratives, the most noticeable one being the narrative of Lina Lamont, which serves the same pattern as the narrative of the family moving away to New York in Meet Me in St. Louis- to present a problem which when solved, strengthens the existing narratives, or give a neat conclusion to the narratives. These ii main narratives are intertwined concurrently and highlights the contradictions between the already famous artisan and the newly flourishing artist (Don Lockwood and Kathy Selden), fame and infamy (Don Lockwood and Lina Lamont), hate turned to love (in the oddball of Kathy Selden), etc. These contradictions are resolved by the main characters falling in love and this resolves or gives these characters the strength to resolve their conflicts. The structure is definitely derived from character, especially from Don Lockwood, whose narrative overshadows Kathy Seldens narrative. All the musical rime focus on Lockwood and his emotions, or makes him the causa for the initiation of the song- as in the case of Cosmo Browns Make Em express joy or the final musical number dubbed by Kathy Selden for Lina Lamont.Moulin Rouge and Romeo + Juliet are both musicals say by Baz Luhrmann and released in 2001 and 1996 respectively. they are both con flying musicals and they follow the dual narrative path, focussing on the male and female protagonists and their narratives highlight the differences in their character such as freedom and confinement, love and money as in the case of Moulin Rouge and love and hate, life and death as in the case of Romeo + Juliet. As for the structure of these two musicals- Moulin Rouge focusses on Christians character as the musical starts and ends with him and he is the cashier of the events which unfold. Satines narrative is interwoven with Christians and her narrative is actually the cause for the beginning of Christians narrative, thereby forming a never-ending loop. In the case of Romeo + Juliet, it is a loose readjustment on the play by Shakespeare, using dialogues from the play itself. The narrative is driven by Romeos character but it is balanced out by Juliets narrative as well. All these four films can be classified as American film musicals albeit there are differences in the way utopia is visualised by these films.The films Singing in the Rain and Meet Me in St. Louis bring about a utopia in terms of tantrum (representational) and feelings (non-representational) using versatile factors- one of them being the musical numbers. In Singing in the Rain, the world it has created is realistic as the film is based around the world of film and situated in the age of transition from silent f ilms to talkies. The utopian division is brought forth by the numbers which provide another realm where the characters can be themselves and express their feelings without any complications. Dyer says, utopia is implicit in the world of the narrative and as well as in the world of numbers (Dyer, 1992). When a character breaks into song, as in the scene where Don Lockwood confesses his love to Kathy Selden (You were meant for me). Dyer says,We are moved by music, yet it has the least obvious reference to reality- the colour of our response to it can only be accounted for by the way music, abstract, dress though it is, still embodies feeling. (Dyer, 1992).The confession scene is carefully constructed by Lockwood and narrated by him, which does make it seem realistic, unlike the other musical numbers, and this adds on to the mass of feelings the song gives the audience. Intensity, according to Dyer, isthe capacity of entertainment to present either thickening or unpleasant feeling s (e.g. involvement in personal or semipolitical events jealousy, loss of love, defeat) in a way that makes them seem uncomplicated, direct and vivid, not qualified or ambiguous as day-to-day life makes them, and without imitations of self-deceit and pretence. (Dyer, 1992)The orchestral non-diegetic music also adds on to the intensity as the two characters dance, with Lockwood encouraging Selden to dance with him and finally through the music, dance and lyrics, their mutual feelings for each other gets conveyed to each other. As the camera pans out at the end of the number, the utopian backdrop and the airy lights are accentuated, adding the final touches to the realistic utopia created by this number.Another scene charged with such feelings is Don Lockwoods Singing in the Rain, the title song. The realistic setting is done through the diegetic rain attendant the entire song. The orchestral parts sometimes drown out the rains pit-a-pat but it is still ever present in the backgrou nd. The lively music and the dance of Lockwood transcends through to the audience and they are able to feel his emotions through this number. This utopian number comes to an end with the interruption of the police officer where Lockwood is brought back to the reality of his world.Meet Me in St. Louis also treats its musical numbers in a similar manner as escapes to utopia. But the setting is different, it is lots less realistic than Singing in the Rain. It showcases a community where cantabile is common practice where everyone loves to sing or break into a musical number, which already makes it feel much more utopian than the other musical film. Altman says,The sequence of scenes is determined not out of plot necessity, but in response to a more fundamental take away the spectator mustiness sense the eventual lovers as a couple even when they are not together, even before they have met. (Altman, 1987)This is true for Meet Me in St. Louis, as the musical number The Boy Next Door immediately puts both the protagonists together. As the film progresses, this utopian world created in the film is strengthened with feelings of love in the air, fun and mischief, and so on. Not much goes on with the main narrative of the film till Esthers father comes with the news which breaks their created utopia. Dyer says,In these films, the introduction of any real narrative concerns is usually comfortably delayed and comes chiefly as a temporary threat to utopia- thus reversing the other two patterns, where the narrative predominates and the numbers function as temporary escapes from it. (Dyer, 1992)The musical numbers are light-hearted and chipper till the father announces his plans for the family. later the announcement, we have numbers such as You and I by the parents as a form of reconciliation- a place where mistakes are forgiven is created by the musical number (thereby reverting back to the original pattern of musical numbers providing escape), Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas by Esther as a consolation to Tootie- a place where hope is provided for the future, ensuring that everything will be alright.In these two films, the element of utopia is strong, one way or the other. It provides the so-called escape from reality, either through musical numbers as in the case of Singing in the Rain, or through narrative and numbers as in the case of Meet Me in St. Louis. But, like Dyer says, the idea of utopia through musicals and their numbers is applicable to these early American film musicals. The contemporary film musicals are a bit more complicated in that look as the escape to utopia is not clearly defined.Moulin Rouge is the film directed by Baz Luhrman, which is loosely based on the Greek myth of Orpheus. Its carriage and setting is highly fantastical, reinforcing the utopianism of the world. Pam Cook says,The heightened artificial world was projected as an illusion in which every detail was driven by the need to appear complete and plausi ble, but which audiences would perceive and enjoy as fiction (Cook, 2010)Just like how Christian saw the green fairy under the influence of absinthe, which later transmuted into a nightmarish hallucination that sucked Christian into the world of Moulin Rouge, though the setting and style is fantastical, the narrative of the film is not a utopian story. The main narrative focusses on Christian, a writer of the stake 19th century suffering from depression. Unlike other musicals which gives the audience a happy beginning and a happy ever after, the film starts with an sick and melancholic tone, which confirms the female protagonists death early on in the film. This tragic revelation at the start hinders the utopian world the style and setting is trying to create.

The Role Of Zara As A Brand Commerce Essay

The Role Of Zara As A Brand Commerce EssayZara is a expressive style brand from the offer of Inditex SA, of Spain, which is iodin of the leading counterfeit retailers of the world. Zara started its retail operations for the in 1975, with its for the first succession terminus opened at La Coruna in Galicia, Spain. Presently this is the point office of Zara. Zaras retail operation like a shot extends to about 650 memorys operating in 50 distinguishable countries. Over the last five categorys Zaras gross revenue has emergenced at a steady rate of 25% and Zara as a brand contributes to about 80% of the comp whatsoevers total profits.There argon questions that pull forward the need for this research to be under taken. nigh of these questions would be that when most room retailers reported negative annual profits overdue to the global economic recession, how has Zara been able to continuously increase its profitability? What ar the strategies employed by Zara? What are the timbre restrain checks employed by Zara? How scalable is Zaras line of work model and finally what does Zara follow to main(prenominal)tain its in high spirits market share and at the same time compete with former(a)wise modality retailers?Zara focuses on the apparel business more as a consumption market rather than being a commodity market. thereof Zara focuses on move and thus looks at continuous reduction of retort time.Hence to achieve this Zara has an effective vertically compound come forth filament which is very closely integrated with the customers. It is from here that the current trends in fashion are identified and the garments are declared accordingly and delivered to stores within a stopover of 2 weeks. .1.3 Competitive Priorities of ZaraThe identifiable emulous priorities on which Zara has built up its successful business model are as follows1.3.1 Fast speed of turnout Zara has the ability to vary a fashion theory and bug out finish products in th e stores within a period of 2 weeks. Zara has consecrated squads at stores which allow the retailer to get designer influenced products at a very rapid pace within the stores.1.3.2 Variation of Production Zaras honour reach comprises of members who dedicated work closely with customers in spotting untested trends of demand in fashion. They dumbfound the ability to launch bracing trends, designs and discrepancy of products.1.3.3 Cost Leadership Zara produces fashionable range of products at an affordable pricing. When compared to other competitors in the same strategic group, Zaras products are priced lower than GAP and Benetton.The main reasons due to which Zara can achieve woo leadership is because they keep a very low aim of inventory in stores. Their efficient scattering system allows them to get products in the store just in time. As a result of which Zara has a high annual inventory turnover.1.4 Applying Porters generic wine StrategyOn application of Porters generic strategy it has been observed that Zara looks at the broad scope of the market. Zara uses a combination of differentiation and overall cost leadership. The ability to produce different range of fashion at a fast pace is the differentiating particularor of Zara that gives them a high sustainable competitive advantage.Overall cost leadership is achieved with the vertically integrated bring chain that Zara possesses. Due to the efficient supply chain, Zara can achieve a high run turnover and at the same time guarantee a low take aim of inventory in stores.1.5 The practice of jibe Quality attention and its implementation in Zaras vertical supply chain1975-1995 Since its inception in 1975 till 1995 Zara has followed the method of inspection in position to keep a check on the quality of its products. Zaras blueprint team up has worked closely with customers and have spend their time in spotting the in vogue(p) trends in demand. An instant sketch of the design has been analy sed and the accordingly produced. The quality control teams at Zara inspected the designs before placing them in stores.1995 till find After 1995 Zara has implement the practice of Total Quality focusing. In this practice Zaras vertically integrated supply chain tries to achieve never-ending Improvement of their borderes, which includes spotting of the fashion trends, designing, and procurement of their materials, the computer-aided design engineering they use for designing, their mitigated inventory management and finally their centralised logistics and statistical statistical distribution system. Each of the components of the supply chain process has been explained below.From the aspect of employees, Zara invests a lot on the motivation of employees. They mainly utilise young pile who are creative and can understand the latest trends of fashion.Collectively these two aspects are used to achieve high take aim of customer satisfaction.1.6 Supply Chain View of ZaraAccording to McMillan and Mullen (Operations Management mountain 2 2002), the purpose of SCM is to integrate all tasks associated with the bi-directional flow of materials, reading and pay into organized, coherent, managed processes in order to provide end-to-end management and control.One of the pivotal examples that support this view is the Supply Chain Management in Zara.1.6.1 public figure and Production Zara uses concurrent designing process which integrates members from the entire organisation body social organisation in creating its designs for fashion. This includes members from the procurement team, designers, market specialists and finally feedbacks obtained from gross revenue executives and store manager.The bonnie age of the designing team is 26 years. These designers spot the latest trends from different sources such as fashion shows, magazines and trade fairs. Then they make a sketch of the design and these designs are consulted upon by different members from the procure ment and intersection departments. Only 25% of the total number of concepts are accepted and very executed. Zaras business processes are integrated and cross functional teams work across all processes. Due to this there is a rapid flow of information which reduces the decision making time and in turn the lead time.1.6.2 procurance 60% of the products produced by Zara are by their own factories. Zara has about 25 factories across the world and most of the plants run on a champion shift basis. Thus Zara has unutilised capacity which they use for quick response to increase in seasonal demand. As a result of this Zara can transform their products quickly to the stores even when the demand is high. Although the design and automated manufacturing is done by Zara in house, most of the labour intensive activities are outsourced to reduce overall cost.1.6.3 Information Systems Most of the designs developed are done using CAD. This is a major reason for making the manufacturing process rapid. Apart from this ZARA invests considerably on technology in order to aid in the flow of information. Zara store managers posses hand held PDA which they use to send information such as sales figures, order placing and customer feedback to the head office in La Coruna. Based on this designing team confirms the design and sends them across to manufacturing building blocks wherein CAD is used to manufacture the products.1.6.4 Inventory Management Zara replenishes its inventory from one of its 650 stores at least twice a week. However the stock quantities are special so that they ensure not to carry excess inventory. On indicate Inditex has the least inventory as a percentage of annual sales as compared to Gap, which is its closest competitor.1.6.5 Centralised Logistics and diffusion Zara has a centralised distribution unit that operates from its head office in La Coruna. Zara uses all modes tape drive for dispatch namely trucks, trains and even planes in some cases. Trucks are puckish as per the specific order in the evening and they are dispatched at night at a specific time.1.7 Employees at Zara Employees at Zara is one of the main reasons for the effective quick response system of Zara. The HR policies vagabond around high level of employee motivation. Zara believes in hiring young and creative people. Employees are Zara are given holistic training across all adroitness sets and they are also given high incentives. These practices motivates employees to market the brand Zara effectively.1.8 quantify Chain framework of Zara Based on the above research a value chain frame work of Zara is given below2. A comparative study of Zara with Benetton2.1 Introduction to Benetton The Benetton brand was established in the year 1966 by Luciano Benetton as an Italian fashion brand that produces wide get of coloured clothes. The Benetton group has 150 million garments rolling out of their stores and they have a mammoth number of 6000 contemporary stores world wide.2.2 Operational check into Since its inception, until 2004 Benetton had a centralised production and distribution system. It also did inspection of its products and rapid quality checks from 1980 to the mid 2004. However in 2005 the control has become decentralized and Benetton right away follows the Total Quality Management practices in its entire value chain.2.2.1 Continuous Improvement in the Production Process Benettons production system had undergone a major transformation in the year 2005. It evolved from an organisation based on divisions such as wool and cotton, to a structure based on answer units such as planning and quality control.The spic-and-span production system is flexible, and it integrates all the position holders in the value chain. Thus it helps in reducing product delivery time and it also optimizes the quality and service levels.In this process there are three teams that work in tandem to deliver greater value to customers. These are the Logistics un it, the quality checking unit and the customer service unit.The customer service unit plays a major role in analyzing customer demands and level of satisfaction. This team has departments which keep a close compensate on the sales staffs and the store managers, whose inputs are taken into consideration during the production process.The quality checking unit keeps a track of the level of confirmation of specification of each design. Tagging and labeling of the units of garments are also taken compassionate by them.The Logistics team is by far the most important team in the organisation. There is now a young Hong Kong hub that has become fully operational along with the European hub and the U.S hub. Benettons logistic system has now modify from a centralised system to being a satellite control system. This facilitates the individual hubs to concentrate on their particular regions of distribution and supply the usurp number of units and the appropriate design at the right time. S ince 2005 till date the stores have thus reported low levels of inventory and high stock turnover rate.2.2.2 Customer Satisfaction perspective Since 2005, Benetton has also rejuvenated the concept of obtain experience by providing a new range of concept stores. Some of them are the Pentagram concept for glamorous clothes and the Cool concept for producing casual lines of clothing. Aspects of visual merchandising are taken better electric charge of in order to strengthen the shopping experience of customers and developing stronger relationships with them.2.2.3 Employees With the implementation of TQM in 2005 the organizational functioning and structure has also been majorly transformed. Benetton now looks at hiring young individuals who takes the challenge of a fast paced environment. In 2005 a new project called the Wanna Sell? was introduced as a part of the training and ripening programme. In this project young and enthusiastic individuals were chosen and put into teams to han g sales workshops. During the 2008 economic meltdown Benetton continued to provide their staffs with incentives and thereby supporting then to work with greater passion.3.1 The Comparative Quality timeline4 hit the books Analysis of Zara4.1 StrengthsVertically Integrated Supply ChainQuick receipt SystemIntegration of IT in the Information SystemEfficient Distribution FacilitiesPresence of Brand Globally4.2 WeaknessOverdependence of Inditex over Zara as besides one brandLesser efficient supply chain management in U.S than Europe. (A negative effect of centralization)Location of Shops It is often seen that Zara has too many an(prenominal) shops in the same geographic area, thus causing canibalisation of its own sales.4.3 prospectMoving out to emergent markets such as Brazil and India where people are now more conscious of fashion.4.4 ThreatsCompetitors such as HM who are also rapid innovators of fashion.In certain countries such as India, China and some of the Middle East nation s there are companies that produce fashion at a high price but keeping a low cost.5 Recommendations5.1 DecentralisationLooking at the fact that Zara faces certain challenges logistically in markets such as United States and certain move of Asia, Zara should now go for a decentralised structure in their distribution channel. As we have seen in the case of Benetton, due to the decentralised structure Benetton can efficiently manage their operation on such a large scale. For a confederation like Zara which is looking to penetrate the emerging markets, it should bring about a decentralised structure in the adjacent waysZara should build controlling units of Distribution and Production in every geographic region where it has its operations. In this way it would help Zara to concentrate on each and every region rather than controlling the entire business from their headquarters in La Coruna.Zara should not bring about any change in the overall Supply Chain View which it now follows.5. 2 cardinal Sigma Practices Being a high innovator of fashion, Zara should consider Six Sigma practice in order to mitigate the risks of innovation.It has been a proven track record that through Six Sigma companies have been able to reduce a high amount of their process costs, according to Six Sigma Academy companies save up $230,000 per project by applying six sigma practices. Six Sigma practices help in alter ongoing processes of an organisation very effectively.For an organisation like Zara, at the save situation the application of Six Sigma will complement their high level of innovation that they do in order to bring in new fashion to the market continuously.Six Sigma practices can be implemented through in Zara through the application of DMAIC model.The DMAIC model can be lucubrate as Define, Measure, Analyse, Improve and Control of the processes in Zara.Define The new fashion that has to be developed should be outlined properly according to the specifications, the technolo gy to be used to manufacture and the budget required for carrying out the designing process. Also the defining process must include the tasks that individuals within the supply chain must undertake.Measure Measure the time taken to apprehend the entire manufacturing process for every product line (i.e. the new fashion that has been conceptualised). It is also important to measure the extent to which the measurements of the finished garments match with that of the defined plan.Analyse Analysis is to be made from the perspective of the product movement. The time taken to complete the entire process of shipment is to be monitored, and a continuous effort should be made in reducing the shipment time.Improve Areas of improvement in Zara comprises of confirmation of specification of measurement, reduction in production time, reduce in transportation or shipment time, improve the quality of service at stores, improve facilities at store and the store ambience and reduce the time taken for checkouts at stores.Control Control in the organisations processes are to be brought about through a equilibrize score card that is customised for Zara balancing the four stake holders perspective. These four stake holders include the learning and innovation perspective comprising of Zaras ability to innovate new lines of fashion the level of customer satisfaction the financial performance of the company and the operational effectiveness of the supply chain system of Zara.

Project Report On Brand HP Commerce Essay

Project Report On Brand HP barter EssayIT is forging ahead in the country and a wrap of optimism continues to wash the industry current food commercialise scenarios present a better opportunity for IT industry.The Indian IT industry has been competing till instantly on its powerfulness to reverse engineer the productions, that be produced by international companies stand historic goal of research to sale them at cheaper prices however the Indian IT companies afford to obtain their capacity in basic research to produce original molecules.Compton ceremonious in 1993, is a satisfying teaming of 45 IT professionals and prosperity for its customers. To make lives flowing with latest breakthrough in technology, enabling our customers to perform mean solar day to day jobs with speed and spending time saved on much classical aspects of avocation or life.Compton is premium business partner for HP-Compaq and main management as been to bring new technologies to Homes and Offices. HP Premium military control spouse is a r atomic number 18 status in HP. We have successfully faultless(prenominal) several turnkey projects encompassing hardw ar, software and training on go off solutionsOur main product greenback is PCs, Lap elevations, Palmtops, Projectors, Printers, Scanners, Laser Printer, Plotter, All in matchlesss, TFT screens, digital Solutions, PC Maintenance, Net on the job(p), Intranet Solutions.Compton specializes in bringing complete IT solutions to our customers. Let our customer be a mid-size corporate, or a SOHO user or a mob user we try to go beyond customers expectations. Our assist backup deftness and well trained team is our main strength.Compton as a team thrives to reach prohibited to our customers through our distribution channel. We wish to take our process globally with unwavering commitment to customer pleasure. We wish to move foregoing with strong base of values, values that keep interest of our knowledge open and international customers first with bring out compromise.CONTENT-Topics Page no.INTRODUCTION 61.1 narrative 6OBJECTIVE 72.1 PRIMARY OBJECTIVE 72.2 new(prenominal) OBJECTIVES 72.3 FOCUS 72.4 CULTURE FOLLOWED 92.5 DIVERSITY 92.6 AD CAMPAIGNS 9RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES 12HP CORPORATE trade 12SIGNIFICANCE OF BRAND HP 12MADE FOR INDIA merchandise 13PRODUCT LINE OF HP 14CONCLUSION 15RFERENCE 16INTRODUCTIONThe Hewlett-Packard Company (NYSE HPQ) commonly go to bedn as HP is an American multinational electronic computer hardware, software firm and is considered as one of the largest Information Technology corporation headquartered in Palo Alto, California, United sound outs. It provides products, technologies, software, solutions and service to consumers, broken and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) and large enterprises, including customers in the g overnment, health and education sectors.HP is the creations hint PC manufacturer. It specializes in developing and manufacturing computing, data storage, and net utilizationing hardware, planing software and delivering services. HP excessively has strong services and consulting business around its products and partner products.HISTORY-HP was founded on January 1, 1939 as a manufacturer of test and measurement instruments by Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard who graduated with degrees in electrical engineering from Stanford University in 1935. The companionship originated in a garage in nearby Palo Alto during a fellowship they had with a past professor, Frederick Terman at Stanford during the Great Depression. Terman was considered a mentor to them in forming Hewlett-Packard. In 1939, Packard and Hewlett established Hewlett-Packard (HP) in Packards garage with an initial upper-case letter investment of US$538. Hewlett and Packard tossed a coin to decide whether the caller-up they founded would be vociferateed Hewlett-Packard or Packard-Hewlett, Packard won the coin toss but named their manufacturing enterprise the He wlett-Packard Company. HP incorporated on August 18, 1947, and went public on November 6, 1957.Their first product was a precision audio oscillator, the Model HP200A. Their innovation was the use of a small night-light bulb as a temperature dependent resistor in a critical portion of the circuit. This allowed them to sell the Model 200A for $54.40 when competitors were selling less stable oscillators for over $200. The Model 200 series of generators continued until at least 1972 as the 200AB, still tube- found but improved in inclination through the days. At 33 years, it was perhaps the longest-selling basic electronic design of all time. One of the go withs earliest customers was Walt Disney ingatheringions, which bought eight Model 200B oscillators (at $71.50 each) for use in certifying the Fantasound surround sound systems installed in theaters for the movie Fantasia.OBJECTIVEPrimary Objectives-To take out the attributes that enhance the customer value by providing better se rvice to them and know how to motivate the more hoi polloi towards IT. The Project required carrying out the relative study of prices across Brands and Models also to carry out another(prenominal) comparative study of Margins of Dealers and Wholesalers. This would be done by finding out the Market Operating Price at which they are making deals and the script of discounts offered by them.Then apart from studying the dealers a study of consumer buying behaviors was also required for the specific brands. This was done by making comparative study of HP along with other brands, in terms of consumer preference. excessively dealers perspectives about the brand are also to be considered along with this the effectuate of prices on brand preference of the models.In the research we also well-tried to study consumer behavior for all the brands and also the dealers perception about the trade of Home PCs, Laptops, Printers, PSC, Scanner, and TFT. For this Segmentation, Targeting and Positi oning of various brands on recall, believability, association, final purchase.Other Objectives- To know the brand recall by customers. To know the reason why people prefer HP (Hewlett-Packard) brand. To increase the sales volume. To give the customer satisfaction and also get the references from them. To know which factor is important for customer in advance buying any IT product. To illicit suggestion for better positioning for HP product.Focus-The company was originally rather unfocused, working on a wide range of electronic products for industry and even agriculture. Eventually they pick out to focus on high-quality electronic test and measurement equipment. Throughout the forties to well into the 1990s the company focused on making auspicate generators, voltmeters, oscilloscopes, counters, and other test equipment. Their distinguishing feature was pushing the limits of measurement range and accuracy. For instance, more or less every HP voltmeter or signal generator has one or more extra clicks of its knobs than its competitors. HP voltmeter or ammeters would measure down and up an extra 10 to hundred times the units of other meters. Although there were intelligent reasons why competing meters stopped at 1 volt full scale, HP engineers figured out ways of extending the range of their equipment by a ample amount. They also focused on extreme accuracy and stability, leading to a wide range of very accurate, precise, and stable frequency counters, voltmeters, thermometers, and time standards.During the sixties and seventies-HP is recognized as the symbolic founder of silicon Valley, although it did not actively investigate semiconductor devices until a few years subsequently the Traitorous Eight had abandoned William Shockley to fabricate Fairchild Semiconductor in 1957. Hewlett-Packards HP Associates division, established around 1960, essential semiconductor devices primarily for internal use. Instruments and estimators were some of the product s using these devices.HP is acknowledged by wired pickup as the producer of the worlds first person-to-person computer, in 1968, the Hewlett-Packard 9100A. HP called it a setting computer because, as Bill Hewlett said, If we had called it a computer, it would have been rejected by our customers computer gurus because it didnt look like an IBM. We therefore decided to call it a calculator and all such nonsense disappeared. An engineering felicity at the time, the logic circuit was produced without any integrated circuits the assembly of the processor having been entirely executed in discrete components. With CRT readout, magnetic notice storage, and bulls eyeer the price was around $5000.The company earned global love for a variety of products. They introduced the worlds first handheld scientific electronic calculator in 1972 (the HP-35), the first handheld schedulemable in 1974 (the HP-65), the first alphanumeric, programmable, expandable in 1979 (the HP-41C), and the fir st symbolic and graphing calculator HP-28C. Like their scientific and business calculators, their oscilloscopes, logic analyzers, and other measurement instruments have a reputation for sturdiness and usability (the latter products are now part of spin-off Agilents product line). The companys design philosophy in this period was summarized as design for the guy at the next bench.In the eighties and beyond-In 1984, HP introduced both inkjet and laser printers for the desktop. along with its scanner product line, these have later been developed into successful multi head for the hills products, the most authoritative being single-unit printer/scanner/copier/fax machines. The print mechanisms in HPs tremendously popular LaserJet line of laser printers depend close to entirely on Canons components (print engines), which in turn use technology developed by Xerox. HP develops the hardware, firmware, and software that convert data into dots for the mechanism to print.In 1987, the Palo Al to garage where Hewlett and Packard started their business was designated as a California State historical landmark. In the 1990s, HP expanded their computer product line, which initially had been targeted at university, research, and business customers, to reach consumers. Later in the decade HP opened hpshopping.com as an independent subsidiary to sell online, direct to consumers the keep was rebranded HP Home Home Office Store in 2005. HP also grew through acquisitions, buying Apollo data processor in 1989, Convex reckoner in 1995, and Compaq in 2002. Compaq itself had bought Tandem Computers in 1997 (which had been started by ex-HP employees), and Digital Equipment jackpot in 1998. Following this strategy HP became a major instrumentalist in desktops, laptops, and divine servicers for many different markets.Culture followed-The founders, known to friends and employees alike as Bill and Dave, developed a unique management style that has do it to be known as the HP panach e. In Bills words, the HP Way is a core ideology . . . that includes a deep respect for the individual, a dedication to affordable quality and reliability, a commitment to community responsibility, and a view that the company exists to make technical contributions for the advancement and welfare of humanity. potpourri-Hewlett-Packard received a 100% rating on the integrated comparison Index released by the Human Rights head for the hills starting in 2003, the split second year of the report. In addition, the company was named one of the 100 Best Companies for workings Mothers in 2004 by Working Mothers magazine. Hewlett-Packard is also involved in the NEPAD e-school program to provide all schools in Africa with computers and internet access.Ad campaigns-Hewlett-Packard has used a number of innovative commercials to sell its products. Like You + HP digital photography. A television ad campaign for Hewlett-Packards digital photography (titled You + HP digital photography) has bee n noted for its simple special effects and choice of music. It won course of the Year from Adweek magazine in 2004.Songs used in You + HP Campaign Picture Book by The Kinks Out of the Picture by The Robins Pictures of You by The Cure The Rainbow by The Apples in Stereo Across the Universe by The BeatlesAcquisitions-Data Systems, Inc.A small 5-person company called Data Systems, Inc. Owned by a chemical manufacturer, Union Carbide, who failed in their diversification efforts, HP bought the grouping and this helped to launch the HP 2116A in 1966. A computer designed to modify the collection and processing of data from the companys test and measurement devices, it marked HPs presentation into the growing computer industry.ApolloIn 1989, HP Acquired Apollo computer for $476 million. HP was able to achieve a growth in market share after the merger with the market at the time valued at $4.1 zillion and the fastest-growing area of the market.VeriFoneOn April 23, 1997, HP announced pla ns to acquire VeriFone, the leading supplier of card-swipe terminals on retail countertops to approve purchases, in a $1.18 billion investment trust swap. On May 10, 2001, Gores Technology Group acquired VeriFone from HP.BluestoneOn January 18, 2001, HP acquired Bluestone Software, Inc., a leading provider of B2B, B2C, and wireless open platform solutions.IndigoOn March 22, 2002, HP acquired Indigo N.V., a leader in digital offset color printing systems.CompaqOn May 3, 2002, Hewlett-Packard merged with Compaq Computer Corporation, a controversial move int stop to make the company the personal computing leader. The merger opposition was led by Walter Hewlett, son of HP founder William Hewlett.SnapfishOn April 15, 2005, HP acquired Snapfish, a leading online photo service ground in San Francisco, California, USA.AppIQIn October of 2005, Hewlett-Packard acquired the private company AppIQ (short for Application IQ). The company was founded in 2001 by Ash Ashutosh and David Chang, and offered several digital storage solutions. The company had employed up to 235 people by June 2005.OuterBayOn February 7, 2006, HP hold to acquire OuterBay, a leading provider of archiving software for enterprise applications and databases. OuterBay is headquartered in Cupertino, California, USA, with offices in the US, UK, and India.SilverwireOn June 6, 2006, HP announced it was acquiring Silverwire Holding AG, a commercial digital photography solutions and software provider with a strong presence in the retail photo market. Silverwire is headquartered in Zug, Switzerland.Mercury synergisticOn July 25, 2006, HP announced plans to acquire Mercury Interactive (MERQ.PK), a company that provides Business Technology Optimization software (i.e. software that helps a company govern, develop and maintain its technology stack). This acquisition is expected to come in Q4 2006 and lead result in an HP software business of around $2 billion.VoodooPCOn September 28, 2006, HP announced it p ull up stakes expand its presence in the gaming market by acquiring VoodooPC, a maker of high-performance gaming, luxury, and entertainment PCs based in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. This acquisition is expected to close by November 2006.Competitors-Major competitors of HP in the computer business include Apple Computer, Dell, Gateway, Lenovo (Purchased IBMs Non-server in the flesh(predicate) Computer Business), Sony and Toshiba. Major competitors of HP in the server business include Sun Microsystems, IBM and Dell. Major competitors of HP in the printer business include Brother, Canon, Epson, Lexmark and Dell (who rebrands and repackages Lexmark products)Outsourcing-In 1994, HP decided to outsource its manufacturing to third-party vendors and oversea countries to debase costs and raise profits. Today, desktop computers are assembled in Guadalajara, Mexico where HP employs approximately 1,500 workers. Notebook computers are assembled in China from third-party vendors. Servers and works tations are still assembled in the United States. In 2003, HP had 140,000 employees worldwide. Under HPs current restructuring program, HP began reducing its workforce to lower its costs. By 2006, HP populated a record profit of $1.5 billion in just one quarter.RESEARCH METHODOLOGIESMARKETING STRATEGYHP Corporate merchandise-HP is a company unlike any other. They serve everyone from consumers to small and mid-sized businesses to enterprises to public sector customers with an extensive portfolio of market leading solutions specifically designed to meet the invites of each customer segment. They focus on helping people apply technology in meaningful ways to their businesses, personal lives and communities. Their annual RD investment of nearly $4 billion fuels the trick of products, solutions and new technologies, to serve customers better and enter new markets. They produce an honest of 11 patents a day worldwide. In addition to the RD and innovation in their product and services groups, HP labs provides a central research function for the company focused on inventing new technologies to improve the customers lives, change markets and create business opportunities.Source Technology Business Research, Inc., Oct. 26, 2004 Millions of people around the world use HP technology every day. They are largest consumer IT company, the worlds largest SMB IT company and leading enterprise IT company. For more than 100 million cell phone subscribers, it is HP software that identifies them when they turn on their own phones and allows them to place calls. HP powers 100 of the worlds stock and commodity exchanges, including the NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE and 14 of the worlds largest employment markets. In response to customer needs and the changing market conditions, they have built a portfolio unequaled in the industry. HP technology now ranges from consumer handled devices all the way to some of the worlds largest and most powerful supercomputer installations. Their strat egy is to offer products, services and solutions that are high tech, low cost and deliver the outperform customer experience. They have dynamic, powerful team of 150,000 employees for the fiscal year that ended Oct 31, 2005 HP has corporate headquarters in Palo Alto, California.HP has a significant in all market they serve-Consumer Our consumer business has leadership in handhelds, notebooks, printers and cameras focused on delivering simple, rewarding experience to millions of customers.Small and Medium Business Working with local reseller partners, HP serves business customers worldwide to provide vary expertise, a complete portfolio of products, solutions and services. They have market- leading positions in datacenter and office computing, and the imaginativeness and printing market.Enterprise The enterprise segment draws from Hips full portfolio of products, services and solutions. We fall in with large customers to build an Adaptive Enterprise helping them achieve more s implicity, agility and value across their organization. We are No. 1 or No. 2 in all three server based operating environments, and we hold top positions in enterprise storage and IT services management.Public sector, health education With more than 60 years of experience serving the technology needs of the public sector, HP brings the full pretentiousness of its portfolio and alliances to help governments, educators, healthcare providers and others working in the public interest to lower their costs, increase efficiencies and serve their citizens, businesses and government agencies better.Their Key Words Doing well by doing goodAs proud as they are of their capabilities, they are equally proud of their people, standards and values, and deep commitment to global citizenship. Since our first year in business in 1939, HP has given back to communities through benevolent donations of money, equipment and time. While the scale and reach of business have changed in 66 years. The chal lenge is to continue to shape the impact of corporations as a formative force, using our heritage and our actions as tool for doing so.Made for India Marketing-Brands and Marketing were traditionally dominated by the US, Germany and japan. In Interbrands global brand scorecard, 14 of the top 20 global brands are US brands (HP is 12 by the way). Consulting firms, advertising agencies and market intelligence companies were primarily based in these countries. Product marketers worked in those three countries they catered to the local customer needs and created products for those markets that would be accordingly exported with little differentiation to the rest of the world.I was in Bangalore, India recently and I was struck by how much this could become the model of the past. I pep up reading Goldman Sachs excellent economic paper -Dreaming with BRICs The Path to 2050. The report predicted in 2003 that in less than 40 years, the BRICs economies (Brazil, India, China, Russia) togethe r could be larger than the G6 (top 6 economies in the world) in US dollar terms. By 2025, they could account for over half the size of the G6. Of the current G6, only the US and Japan whitethorn be among the six largest economies in US dollar terms in 2050. The recent bring downs and stats from the BRIC countries indicate that this prediction is accelerating and things may happen sooner. Products result need to be developed specifically for the customer needs in those countries, campaigns will be tailored to local tastes and Marketing will happen increasingly first in those markets and then get exported to the rest of the world, even for US brands.Nokia, which is the only company in the top 20 brands that is not based in any of the three countries, is a great example of this trend (Nokia is based in Finland). Nokia started operations in India in 1995. In 2005, India is among the top 5 markets for Nokia worldwide.Nokia has developed major efforts in adapting its products and advert ising to the specificities and tastes of the Indian market 1998- Indian ringtone 2000- First Hindi User Interface 2002 -First Hindi text edition input-2003- First Made for India phone (Nokia 1100) 2004 -Hindi SMS campaign 2005 -Local User embrasure in additional local languagesIf you consider the forecasts of the Goldman Sachs report, India and China will plant soon 2 of the top 3 markets for most technology products. This will have significant consequences on marketing resource strategies as these markets formulate from low cost offshoring tactics to local strategic marketing talent hiring. This clearly highlights the imperative to re-think the core competencies of US-based Marketing and evolve marketers skills accordingly.Product line of HP-HP has ventured into various products in different categories. Some of them are as follows1 Printer- 5 Desktop computers-1.1 LaserJet printers (color and monochrome) 5.1 Compaq Presario Desktop1.2 ColorJet printers 5.2 HP Pavilion1.3 Office jet All-in-one printers1.8 Designjet Printers 6 Plotters1.9 Deskjet printers7 Pocket calculators2 Digital Cameras-2.1 schoolmaster line 8 Blade Systems2.2 HP E-series2.3 HP M-series 9 Personal notebooks2.4 HP R-series 9.1 Pavilion notebooks9.2 Compaq Presario3 Scanners- 9.3 HP Mini3.1 Scanjet series3.2 pick out scanners 10 Workstations4 Mobile phones 11 ServersCONCLUSIONThe Indian I.T. market currently appears to be at a crossroads, where I.T.marketers are attempting to change the customer perceptions of their brands in the specific buying motivations appear to be replacing generalities. This retardation is quite unlike the west where buyers consider, aesthetics, comfort and safety, not necessarily in that order. Before finalizing a purchase. Its smarter to think about emotions and attitudes if marketers are to do a better job of marrying what are HP offers to the consumers image of the offerings.The mindset of the Indian Consumer is such that he is delighted if he buys the pen, a little cheaper than his neighbour. Things are, however, a slowly changing and customers at the upper end of market are now ready pay more for more. I hope that this set out will soon enter the new era, may be not with the same intensity.Success will largely determine to the extent a company can differentiate itself in terms of intangibles that grow with the product. In 1973 HP becomes the first US company to institute the flexible working hours or flex time. Under the program, HP employees can begin work at any time during a two hour period and leave after completing an 8 hrs. workday. The purpose, as explained by Bill, is to make more time for family leisure, conduct personal business, and avoid traffic jams or to satisfy other individual needs. HP introduces the first electronic calculator to print Japanese characters. The model 9810 desktop calculators are marketed in Japan by Yokogawa Hewlett-Packard.

Managerial Roles As Identified By Mintzberg

Managerial Roles As Identified By MintzbergIn this char operationer the succeedrs regularly seek divulge information related to the giving medication and industry. They observe relevant changes in the environment and also monitor their aggroups productiveness and well-being. Examples of expireplace experience acknowledge adjudgeing personal contact, attending seminars and training and reading reports. translatorManagers represent and speak on their organisations behalf. In this power they argon liable for transmitting information about their organisation and its goals to the people outside of the organisation. Examples are conferences and reports.FigureheadThe animal trainer causes social, ceremonial and legal responsibilities. The autobus is expected to be a source of inspiration. Someone people can look up to, someone with confidence. In this role the director acts as a emblematic leader. An moral is the signing of legal documents.LeaderIn this role, managers re sult lead for their team, department or constitution as a whole and manage subordinates performances and responsibilities. Examples of workplace experience include the training and interactions with employees.LiaisonManagers establish and maintain chat with internal and external contacts. This entails the effective networking on behalf of the organisation. An example is the fellowship in meetings with representatives from other divisions inside the organisation or other businesses.entrepreneurThe manager moldiness induce and suss out changes within the organisation. This entails the solving of problems, genesis of novel ideas and the implementation thereof. An example is the housing shortlist and the provision of thereof. interrogative mood 1 ContinuedResource AllocatorIn this role the manager inescapably to go out where the organisational resources are best applied. This involves the allocation of funding, the assignment of mental faculty and other organisational resourc es. This also involves the drafting and approval of plans, schedules, budgets and setting of priorities.Disturbance omnibusDeals with the mediation of disputes and problems and fritter aways corrective actions. The manager settles conflicts between subordinates choose strategic alternatives and have the best crisis situations.QUESTION 22.1 The role and importance of a mission narration is to describe the organisation in terms of the customers contracts it aims to satisfy, the goods or function it aims to supply and the markets it intends to pursue. The mission statement describes the organisations purpose for existence and it details facts much(prenominal) as what the organisation is all about, who the organisation is and the type of business it is in.The role and importance of a vision statement is to describe where the organisation wants to be in the future. An example would be, a natural water bottling company who wants to dramatise into flavoured water bottling, and the marketing and selling thereof.2.2 The mission and vision of an organisation must be enforced through tactical planning. This is the process of making minute decisions about what has to be through with(p) who give be doing it and how it lead be done. The statements are best developed if input by all the members of the organisation is acquired and the people working in the organisation need to believe it, in order for the customers to believe in it.QUESTION 3EXPLAINING THE BENEFITS THAT CAN BE ACHIEVED BY THE SOUND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FOUR MANAGERIAL FUNCTIONS FOR THE DIRECTOR OF productivenessMANAGERIAL FUNCTION 1 PLANNINGThe benefit that can be achieved by implementing planning is that you give have intercourse exactly how you will put through your goals for up productivity. You will know exactly what has to be done, how it is to be done, when it inevitably to be done and by whom it is to be done. An boilers suit direction will be established, you will identify and commi t the correct resources and you will know which problems have to be done. Planning provides structure and guidelines and the development of strategies will take place.MANAGERIAL FUNCTION 2 ORGANISINGThrough organising, the hierarchy of the production team will take shape. You will determine who is most qualified to perform the work and help you improve productivity. The benefit of organising is thus the establishment of a strong team who can be developed even win through training.MANAGERIAL FUNCTION 3 LEADINGThe benefit of leadership is that you can influence and motivate your subordinates towards the improvement of productivity.MANAGERIAL FUNCTION 4 CONTROLBy implementing control, you will guide the production team towards improving productivity. You will monitor and compare the teams actual activities against the production goals. The benefit of control is if the actual doesnt compare with the plans, you can make the changes needed to match the productivity with the goals as se t out.EVENTUAL BENEFITSThe eventual benefits of improvement of productivity will mean employee satisfaction. Subordinates will take pride in their jobs, which in acidulate will mean that the quality of the products produced will be improved. The improvement of productivity will mean higher volumes of products will be produced, which will create customer satisfaction. This will increase turnovers, which will create profit genesis for the organisation.Document Prepared By Loriaan IsaacsQUESTION 44.1 A adroitness is the ability to accomplish specific tasks by demonstrating specific behaviours, while a talent is the aptitude to participate in non-routine intellectual activities. Skills and competencies can be strengthened through throw out studies, through hands-on experience and on the job training and also by pickings on new responsibilities.4.2 The six competencies that managers should possess areCommunication competencyPlanning and administration competencyTeamwork competencyS trategic action competencyGlobal ken competencySelf-management competencyCommunication competency is the effective transfer and supercede of information that leads to the understanding between yourself and others. It includes in schematic communication, formal communication and negotiating. unaffixed communication is the building of strong interpersonal relationships via two-way communication, with a long range of people, formal communication includes clear, concise and effective writing, and negotiating is the skill of utilisation upward influence with superiors, laterally with peers, downward with subordinates as well as externally with customers, suppliers and other stakeholders.Planning and administration competency involves deciding what tasks need to be done, determining how they can be done, allocating resources to enable them to be done and then monitoring progress to ensure that they are done. It includes information gathering, psychoanalysis and problem solving plann ing and organizing projects time management and budgeting and pecuniary management. This competency includes the taking of calculating risks and the anticipation of the consequences, the prioritizing of tasks, monitoring of schedules and the understanding of budgets, cash flows, financial reports, annual reports and the uses of such information.4.3 Evaluation of Loriaan Isaacs by Duane Spandiel, LLB haveLoriaans informal communication competency is very good, she communicates well with a wide range of people. Her formal communication competency is excellent, but I found that her negotiating competency requires further training and developing.QUESTION 4 Continued4.3 Evaluation of Loriaan Isaacs by Duane Spandiel, LLB graduate continuedI found her planning and administration competency lacking. She needs to grow in this department and I am sure that she will be capable to be excellent in risk taking and prioritizing tasks, after she had undergone further development and training.QUE STION 55.1 Delegation of authority is the downward transfer of formal authority from superior to subordinate. The employee is empowered to act for the manager, but the manager remains accountable for the outcome.5.2 The six principles for improving relegation of authority areEstablish goals and standardsEvery manager before assign the powers to the subordinates should be able to clearly define the goals as well as the results expected from them. The standards of performance should also be notified clearly.Define authority and accountabilityThe manager should maintain a balance between authority and responsibility. If a subordinate is given a responsibility to perform a task, he should be given enough authority to carry out the task effectively.Involve subordinatesThe manager should allow subordinates to participate in brainstorming ideas, the manager must be prepared to consider the ideas of their subordinates.Require completed workThe manager must be clear with the results expe cted. The manager must determine the acceptable level of performance.Provide trainingThe manager must provide employees with training to prepare them for greater responsibilities.Establish adequate controlsThe manager should vizor the employees success against the goals set. The manager should stay on top of things and hold the employee accountable. The manager should establish feedback controls.QUESTION 66.1 The three levels of management in an organization are First-Line Managers, Middle Managers and Top Managers.6.2 Three primary tasks of First-line managers include responsibility for the production of goods or delivery of services, supervision of employees in their everyday tasks and atomic number 82 employees who do the actual work. Middle managers are responsible for directing and organise the activities of first-line managers, they transform top managements strategies into specific goals and plans for line management to implement, and they carry out top managers directives by delegating authority to their subordinates. Top management tasks include the provision of executive leadership and strategic vision, they are responsible for the overall direction of an organization and they manage the strategic planning process.QUESTION 7Departmentalisation is the grouping of jobs that belong together in order to reach the organisations goals, example National, Provincial and Local Government. The four basic types of departmentalization areFunctional departmentalization interpose departmentalizationProduct departmentalizationCustomer departmentalization

Different Marriage Perceptions In Contemporary And Traditional China

diametrical Marri best exempte Perceptions In Contemporary And Traditional mainland ChinaThe main function of this topic is to bless the values of espousals in terms of novelistic-day Chinese perceptions. According to a survey through with(predicate) questionnaire of unsanded br oppositehoods, this hatch reflects the various view bear bug outs of conjugation ceremony amid contemporary and traditional Chinese plenty. In order to indicate the tonic trend of plentys espousal views, the draw leave behind runnerly analyze the results of research in terms of percentage. Then, the field forget get through an account of unclothed wedding partys, with large number standing on distinct credences. Next, it will analyze the main ca hires from different sales booths. It will raise the root reason as well as early(a) reasons. Finally, the trace will give the comprehension of bare-ass as a jaybird wedding and reach the proof on the basis of the researchs res ult and the reasons above.2. Introduction nude wedding party refers to a phenomenon that batch ar directly married at a cash register at a lower slip condition of lacking house, car, even their wedding ring. In other word, unsanded marriage is to get married without debt and luxury. In this case, there ar less complicated intimacys to prepargon and to under form than previous marriage. It is a saucily net pass vocabulary which gained popularity in 2008. With the development of civilization in modernistic gild, the first objective of a marriage has transformed into warmth from raising offspring. As is known, marriage and physical are always inseparable in Chinese traditional marriage perception. Before 1949 when the new country was established, both(prenominal) boys and girls should get married on coming of age, and they would be tied in wedlock formally through matchmakers on the basis of pecuniary locating of the mens family. After the founding of new China, the fe ature of marriage was simple and parsimoniousness which followed the style in revolution time and the wedding just operator a common meal. In the 1960s, the marriage began to attach importance to pretty decorations it was common to see that couples asked the carpenter to make wooden furniture such(prenominal) as wardrobe, table and chair. When it comes to 1970s, three major items including watches, bicycles and sewing machines were necessary in marriage. Approximately ten years later, however, they changed into the refrigerators, color TV sets and washing machines. In addition to habitation appliance, slicey b dislodgees must own the coin necklace, gold earrings and the gold ring, which later onwards were called three pieces of gold. At the beginning of 21st century, house, nones and the car constitutes the new contents of three major items. Contrasts to the Chinese family ideal in the past, the modern couples emphasize freedom and independence to a utmost degree and pa y less attention on wedding from the standpoint of marriage. Meanwhile, marital status is regarded as one of the privacy in the eyeball of young white-collar, and then the phenomenon of hidden marriage appears. Under such background, naked marriage is brought to the publics attention.3. The Analysis of ResearchIn the investigation of naked marriage, as for the question of whether naked marriage is the trend or the confused option, 18% of the respondents choose trend while 82% of them choose helplessness. When being asked the panorama of the relationship between naked marriage and happiness, the number of multitude who live the views that the naked marriages cannister obtain happiness accounts for 44 %. In their opinions, unless screw can endure the test of lacking material products, can it mean precious. The ratio of people with the opposite views is just the same. They argue that sparing basis is the prerequisite for the daily breeding and the absence of substance will c heapen the quality of smell and the degree of happiness. A nonher 12% people are uncertain about this. Interestingly, the research indicates that the attitude to the naked marriage between men and women are quite distinct. 80% of men are in favor of naked marriage while 70% of women expression that naked marriage is infeasible. In regard to the approval of naked marriage, the harmonise of people who welcome the naked marriage takes 57.7%, they argue that turn in is the issue of marriage and couples can make efforts unitedly to buy house after marriage.in the meantime, those who disap present of naked marriage accounted for 35.7%.The research in like manner bring ons that the majority of people who agree with the perception of naked marriage family are at the age of 20 to 35. Furthermore, most of them are urban white collar with high education and large income.4. Literature ReviewAs a point of modern marriage perceptions, naked marriage has been brought to public attention w ith people standing on both sides. Some people welcome this new form of marriage with applause, arguing that holding a wedding for others ceremonial occasion is addressly and time-consuming. As a result, it can be omitted if couples themselves feel it is needless .The coin spend on houses, cars and other things is a great grass of expenditure for their parents. In this case, the things like ostentation and extravagance subscribe slide fastener to do with marriage. Anyhow, marriage is related to two people and it can be conducted as long as both of them feel proper.Professor subgenus Chen who has engaged in social psychology research since 2002 illustrates the popularity of naked marriage in terms of sociology. She has been holding the opinion that it is sagacious for couples to live together simply. They should get marriage certificate from marriage registration office under the in capable material conditions. (Chen, Fu-Mei and Li, Tsui-Shan. 2007, p400) It shows the increas ing legal consciousness among the new propagation of young people. Besides, Lu Rucai thinks that compared to the premarital cohabitation, naked marriage is worthy of being advocated. Moreover, it alike deserves to advocate as a simple way of life in the high level of material development. Naked marriage gets rid of the material restrictions and secular ideas and makes couples get married without any burden. (Lu Rucai. 2004, p34)Other Sociologists also indicate that naked marriage should give praise and support. Professor Chia thinks that it is not only a return of rational knowledge barely also a kind of social progress. According to the analysis of them, during the 1950s, out-of-pocket to the dependent conditions, many peoples weddings were naked marriages. However, it has not prevented the passion of this times in domesticate and life. (Chia, Rosina C. etc.1986, p599) In fact, the form of marriage is considered less important when taking truthful love into account. Accordi ngly, parents are supposed to put aside outmoded thoughts, and abide more freedom to the next generation in order to conquer their economic pressure.Feldman also points out that naked marriage encourages to forming a see-through life style which is worth recommending. Thanks to naked marriage, young generation no longer acts as the NEET group (Not in Education profession or Training). Instead, they rely on their own efforts to create the future(a). (Jin X, Li S, Feldman MW. 2005, p30)On the other hand, there are also many opponents who strongly conceptualize that basic material is the foundation of a marriage. Professor Cao who criticizes the naked marriage on a realistic basis, argues that it is not a feasible thing to do, especially in this fast-developing material world where the divorce rate is hike alarmingly. Naked marriage will result in more life pressure and competition. (Liv Jiang and Cao Yang. 2006, p40) In this context, material set is equivalent to a shout for a new marriage, particularly for expensive urban living. Having a domicil and a car is really beneficial to a new family and it helps them initiate from a pretty advantageously start.Jill Savege predicts that naked marriage will not be always in vogue in China. It is common that China has constant custom with long history towards marriage that cannot be well changed. unification has a close relationship with material in Chinese traditional marriage perception. (Shi, Qijia Scharff, Jill Savege. 2008, p310) In this regard, even through couples halt reached consensus on naked marriage, their parents would object strongly to the wedding , and the reason is that they cannot dedicate a diamond ring and marriage ceremony, let alone a home and a car. In their opinion, house and car represent the capability of get established in society.In addition, the scholar Olga thinks that due to the insufficient material foundation, their children may lag behind others at the starting line at bi rth. Many educators like Lu also point out that good material elements have far-reaching influence on mental development of children, and they reveal that children with good material elements are inclined to form the extroverted and social character which is benign to their future. (Pochagina, Olga. 2004, p140)Both sides of the scholars talk of the naked marriage from different angles and aspects which offer plenty of valuable ideas for this report. On the basis of their works and results of research, the report makes synthetic and comprehensive analysis.5. MethodologyThis report is mainly to discuss the modern Chinese marriage perceptions by questionnaires and interviews of naked marriage, and it will use entropy analysis and the qualitative analysis. Data analysis will offer sufficient data to support the facts. And qualitative analysis will see through the appearance to perceive the essence. This kind of analysis will expound from different aspects to form an integral evaluati on for the viewpoints of marriage. However it should be pointed out that questionnaires failed to take into account peoples real-life action, the data getting here is the possibility of what people are willing to do, rather than what they would do in practice.6 Causes of the Naked Marriage6.1 Social PressureYoung generation that has reached marriageable age is inflicted with the heavy(p) pressure from work and life, and it is the social pressure that makes young people cannot afford to houses and cars. In recent years, the soaring housing prices in China give rise to the increase of marriage cost and become the biggest obstructions in the preparation for marrying. Therefore young people begin to choose naked marriage as a way of compromise. A survey conducted by statistical bureau shows the average wedding cost in shanghai reached a high point at 18.7 million in 2009 and the spending was in line with that of the United States. Undoubtedly, the wedding cost in Shanghai ranks the fir st place in China and it is twice more than Harbin that has the least wedding cost in China. Another Investigation reveals that fifty percent of Chinese newly-married couples manage to get married at the cost of emptying their parents funding. A new national statistics conducted by Ministry of Civil Affairs show that the arrive consumption amount produced e actually year due to the marriage has reached 25 million Yuan.6.2 Pursuit of Pure LoveThe young generation pursues sheer romantic love in this frugal way of marriage. From the view point of love, the marriage is based on the ideal of common life between men and women, and then they will form a strong regard for each other in their heart. True love means a strong pure feeling of a desire for people to become lifelong partners regardless of material constrains, and naked marriage can prove that true love is everlasting. The Associate Researcher Johnson, who works in wreak of sociology and demography, argues that naked marriage can aid in getting rid of the secular concepts and making couples get married without any material burden. (Johnson, Julie R. 2010, p27)The ones who have a naked marriage can throw common usage and reveal the true meaning of marriage, so that the so-called honeymoon, wedding and money are not necessities if people are marrying with the people they really want. Besides, No matter how poor the man is, as long as this man has perseverance and ambition, he will not let his beloved women stomach from hardships through his hard working. Only when people eliminate factors such as ceremony and traditional material concepts and just immerse themselves in the joyousness of marriage itself, will such naked marriage show distingue and faithful. And people can put off difficulties which are tough to handle temporarily in marriage and do them when the conditions are abundant.7 The Significance of Naked MarriageOn the one hand naked marriage manifests the changing attitude towards marriage in m odern China. Choosing naked marriage is not only a familial decision, but also an individuals choice of love and lifestyle. Contrast to Chinese traditional wedding concept, marriage stands for the spirit of correlative assistance and efforts rather than the actual wealth people possess. On the other hand it also reflects the varying concept of material nowadays. Instead of spending extra money on unnecessary products, couples should make effective use of it and meet the challenge in a positive attitude. Love is a kind of intellectual product that needs the joint efforts of couples to accumulate. Therefore, choosing naked marriage might be taking a test in the future and the state of poverty after efforts cannot be accepted by everyone.Additionally, the popularity of naked marriage partly proves the struggle of social equity from men. Obviously, men have undertaken excessive pressure of marriage in modern life. As everyone knows, society calls on the equality between men and women f or a long time, but these days the actual fact is that society pays close attention to ensuring women have a go at it equal rights in employment and promotion with men, whereas the uneven marriage cost that men has taken on is neglected by most people. It seems that the mens internal responsibility is to buy houses for their families in the perspective of traditional Chinese people, and so many young men would like choose to support naked marriage in order to reduce their pressures of being mortgage slaves. plainly for women, they dont have a deep understanding of marriage cost due to the lack of houses supplement burden. In this regard, women dont need to carry too much(prenominal) pressure, thus they inclined to support the concept that it is appropriate to own houses at the time of getting married.8 ConclusionThis report is mainly to discuss the issue of naked marriage in the current China. It makes a lucubrate analysis based on the questionnaire survey with respect to whet her naked marriage is appropriate and reasonable for love. It is apparent that people hold various views on this phenomenon. And it is a great challenge to the traditional family values. This trend is regarded as the sublimation of love which lacks the material and secular opinions and goes back to the essence of love itself. Of course, when considering choosing naked marriage, people should take account of both the enthusiasm of enterprising spirit and the egress of wealth to make full preparation for the unpredictable future of life. In conclusion, whether adopting naked marriage or not depends on the couple, and if their economic backgrounds and correlative perception of money is similar, naked marriage will bring them the happiness. It makes couples work hard together and start them off on an equal financial platform. But if their relationship is not strong enough, then naked marriage will have a higher probability of failing.9 Appendices appurtenance A QuestionnaireDear Sir/ Madam, Thank you for your attention and opening this questionnaire. The project aims to give the values of marriage in terms of contemporary Chinese perceptions. Your opinion will be of great help in my project. Your response will and your information will be coded and will remain confidential.Thank you very much for your time and support. It will take approximately 10 legal proceeding to complete the questionnaire.Please mark the appropriate answer to the questions below.1. What will you place more weight on when you marry to your fianc?A. HouseB. Pure loveC. Wedding ceremonyD. CarE. Honeymoon2. Do you think naked marriage is the trend in modern society or the helpless option?A. The trend of marriageB. The helpless option with regard to modern societyC. Not certainly3. Do you think naked marriage can obtain happiness?A. Definitely YesB. YesC. Should beD. Not SureE. No4. Do you approve of naked marriage?A. Definitely YesB. YesC. Should beD. Not SureE. NoThank you very much for fi nish this questionnaire.If you have some questions that we do not list, please write it down below. Thank youAPPENDIX B Interview Questions1. What is the reason for couples to choose naked marriage in your opinion?2. What do you think of the marriage?

How McCabe and Mrs Miller and Blade Runner Subvert Their Genres and Def

How McCabe and Mrs milling machine and brand outgrowth eradicate Their Genres and Defy audition Expectations Two musical genres which realise always been Hollywood staples argon perception-fiction and the western. The genres can be seen in carrys made as early as Le tour Dans la lune (Georges Melies 1902) and The Great Train Robbery (Edwin S. hall porter 1903). On the mount the both genres are very different, however if unrivalled looks closely at them they are similar in many ways. both genres usually receive uncharted frontiers, strong silent protagonists, frightening savages (played by either topographic point aliens or Native Americans) and damsels in distress. The formula for these two genres was established many decades ago and in new years it takes a film that defies and de-escalates those expectations such(prenominal) as Unforgiven (Clint Eastwood 1992) or Alien (Ridley Scott 1979) to receive an vehement critical and loge office response. Two other f ilms which subvert the tralatitious genres of westerns or science fiction films are McCabe and Mrs. miller (Robert Altman 1971) and Blade Runner (Ridley Scott 1982). These films use prototypal dictatedtings, characters and action in a way which is considerably different from our expectations and the results are extremely memorable films.McCabe and Mrs. Miller is the story of a man, John McCabe (Warren Beatty) who tries to set up a whorehouse/tavern in a minor(ip) township in the Pacific Northwest in 1901. He meets an abrupt madam, Mrs. Miller (Julie Christie) who runs his business and shares in his profits. The business thrives and they expand a relationship. A mineral deposit draws powerful mining beau monde men to the town to try and buy McCabes holdings. He refuses to sell and they retaliate. He ultimately is mortally wounded in a bloody brush with the mining companys thugs difference Mrs. Miller all alone. Robert Altman pull ind a film which Pauline Kael called a stun ning pipe dream of a movie -- a fleeting, almost crystalline vision of what frontier life might have been. The film for certain feels different from most Westerns, featuring the distinctively different medicinal drug of Leonard Cohen and a dog-tired style of cinematography which Altman claimed was trying to get the feeling of antiquity, like the photographs of the time. The cinematography is thoroughgoing(a)ly different from the vibrant colours of The Searchers (John track 1956) or Rio acclaim (Howard Hawks 1959... ...ells him to do but he does it anyway. This is a stark difference from headman James T. Kirk or Luke Skywalker. Scott is clearly trying to create a film which does not fit into traditional science-fiction formulas and he has succeeded with Blade Runner.Both McCabe and Mrs. Miller and Blade Runner are excellent films, they fence to succeed in subverting traditional genres in a way that creates clean and different movies which both critics and movie goers hav e not seen before. This kind of genre shifting has swelled more and more popular in recent years as movie goers have grown tired of seeing formulaic films fill with stock characters. In the future as juvenile filmmakers look to the retiring(a) for inspiration to create fresh and unique films which subvert genres and defy listening expectations hopefully they will look to the work of Robert Altman and Ridley Scott as prime examples.BibliographyJacobs, Diane. Hollywood Renaissance The untested Generation of Filmmakers and their works. 1977. New York. dingle Publishing.Sammon, Paul M. afterlife Noir The Making of Blade Runner. 1996. New York. Harper Collins.Sklar, Robert. Movie-Made America. 1994. New York. Vintage Books. How McCabe and Mrs Miller and Blade Runner Subvert Their Genres and DefHow McCabe and Mrs Miller and Blade Runner Subvert Their Genres and Defy Audience Expectations Two genres which have always been Hollywood staples are science-fiction a nd the western. The genres can be seen in films made as early as Le Voyage Dans la lune (Georges Melies 1902) and The Great Train Robbery (Edwin S. Porter 1903). On the surface the two genres are very different, however if one looks closely at them they are similar in many ways. Both genres usually feature uncharted frontiers, strong silent protagonists, frightening savages (played by either space aliens or Native Americans) and damsels in distress. The formula for these two genres was established many decades ago and in recent years it takes a film that defies and subverts those expectations such as Unforgiven (Clint Eastwood 1992) or Alien (Ridley Scott 1979) to receive an enthusiastic critical and box office response. Two other films which subvert the traditional genres of westerns or science fiction films are McCabe and Mrs. Miller (Robert Altman 1971) and Blade Runner (Ridley Scott 1982). These films use archetypal settings, characters and action in a way which is substantially different from our expectations and the results are extremely memorable films.McCabe and Mrs. Miller is the story of a man, John McCabe (Warren Beatty) who tries to set up a whorehouse/tavern in a small town in the Pacific Northwest in 1901. He meets an astute madam, Mrs. Miller (Julie Christie) who runs his business and shares in his profits. The business thrives and they develop a relationship. A mineral deposit draws powerful mining company men to the town to try and buy McCabes holdings. He refuses to sell and they retaliate. He ultimately is mortally wounded in a bloody showdown with the mining companys thugs leaving Mrs. Miller all alone. Robert Altman created a film which Pauline Kael called a beautiful pipe dream of a movie -- a fleeting, almost diaphanous vision of what frontier life might have been. The film certainly feels different from most Westerns, featuring the distinctively different music of Leonard Cohen and a washed-out style of cinematography which Altman clai med was trying to get the feeling of antiquity, like the photographs of the time. The cinematography is starkly different from the vibrant colours of The Searchers (John Ford 1956) or Rio Bravo (Howard Hawks 1959... ...ells him to do but he does it anyway. This is a stark difference from Captain James T. Kirk or Luke Skywalker. Scott is clearly trying to create a film which does not fit into traditional science-fiction formulas and he has succeeded with Blade Runner.Both McCabe and Mrs. Miller and Blade Runner are excellent films, they manage to succeed in subverting traditional genres in a way that creates fresh and different movies which both critics and movie goers have not seen before. This kind of genre shifting has grown more and more popular in recent years as movie goers have grown tired of seeing formulaic films filled with stock characters. In the future as young filmmakers look to the past for inspiration to create fresh and unique films which subvert genres and defy aud ience expectations hopefully they will look to the work of Robert Altman and Ridley Scott as prime examples.BibliographyJacobs, Diane. Hollywood Renaissance The New Generation of Filmmakers and their works. 1977. New York. Dell Publishing.Sammon, Paul M. Future Noir The Making of Blade Runner. 1996. New York. Harper Collins.Sklar, Robert. Movie-Made America. 1994. New York. Vintage Books.

Paris Peace Conference Essay -- World War II WWII WW2

It has been almost a century since the first gear capital of France two-eyed violet assemblage was hold, but even until now, it is a public yet also controversial event in the history of the world. The Paris Peace Conference took place in 1919 involving more than 1,000 representatives from over 30 nations. The results of the Conference are five treaties regarding terms that, according to the Conference, shall prevent whatever upcoming conflicts among nations. Although World War II started only after 15 years, nvirtuosotheless, the treaties did function as a buffer between countries. Although many resolutions were discussed, the dialog of the Conference revolves around four main topics, mess from the previous struggle losses or limitations on the main Central Power, Germany, self-recognition, President Woodrow Wilsons xiv Points, and the appropriation of land. The war reparation resolution was proposed by both Australia and the unify Kingdom, and eventually became Article 231 of conformity of Versailles. The article assigned complete peck for the war to Germany, required Germany to accept full responsibilities for causing the war, and must stipend a set of reparation appointed by the Great Powers. The reparation impositions were considered to be retaliation to the reparation forced upon France by Germany in the Treaty of Frankfurt after the Franco-Prussian War. The recompense form of the war varies among different forms, from coal, steel, and gold, to reason property. According to the treaty, Germany will finish paying off the reparation in year 2020. The reparation, no doubt, is only another indirect way of throttle Germanys growth in any field possible and has added another mate of shackle on the already weakened Germany economy, some historians beli... ...ris Peace Conference, the nations which proposed an annexation of land as a resolution even reached the number of six, causing strong power struggles and tensions among nations, which defea ts the original purpose of the Paris Peace Conference. The puzzle of Asia has also aroused in the Paris Peace Conference, whether or not china should be returned its sovereign authority from Japan. Chinese outrage this worry through a cultural movement, the May Fourth Movement that influenced China not to sign the treaty. The Paris Peace Conference ended at January 16th, 1919 with five treaties signed and eight new independent nations born. Although the Paris Peace Conference has ended more than 80 years ago, no one can deny its impact on the world after decades. The humanity history wouldve definitely be changed forever if any of the results in the Conference is different.

Giotto :: Essays Papers

Giotto The creative person I chose for my build was Giotto and his prowess The Epiphany. Giotto was one of the great artists during the period of Renaissance. The motion picture of the Giotto The Epiphany is ab forth the birth of Jesus. The material apply in this painting is poster color on wood. It is painted on to wooden panel with gold ground. poster color is an egg-based paint, which help the painting look shinier and long lasting. There were many things, which I learned ab break through Giotto, which I was unaware during my research. I free-base out(p) when Giotto was born and when he die where was he born. I found out that Giotto talent was discovered by Cimabue and he was the teacher of Giotto and how Cimabue supposedly aphorism the 12- year-old boy sketching one of his fathers sheep on a straight off rock and was so impressed with his talent that he persuaded the father to allow Giotto become his pupil. I learned that Giotto first being freed from the shackle of gothic restraint. Giotto was mainly known for his religious artwork which help me in glide slope t conclusion that he was dealt largely in the religious subjects, unless he also gave these subject an earthly, full-blooded life and forces. I found out that in 1334 the city of Florence honored Giotto with the title of Magnus Magister (Great Master) and appointed him city architect and superintendent of public works. In this capacity he knowing the famous campanile (bell tower). During my research I was able to find out about Giottos family that he was married and left six children at his death. There was one really interest thing about Giotto was the work of designing Campanile was left unfinished by Giotto this was because he died at the time he was doing this work. He also left his impact of artwork on high renaissance artist like Michelangelo that this artist used Giottos idea of painting. During my research of Giotto and his artwork The Epiphany there were lots of fountainhead in my mind of which some were answered and some were not answered and they still fretfulness me.

bless me, ultima :: essays research papers

Chapter 3 Summary When Antonio awakes, he ponders the fate of Lupitos soul and those of the men who belt downed him. His parents quarrel as they always do on Sunday mornings, as Gabriels vaquero lookout is not favorable to priests. When Mara scolds Antonio for not being by rights formal when greeting Ultima, Ultima requests that she back off because the night was hard on all men. Mara protests that he is still a baby. She thinks it is a sin for boys to become men.Many women in town are dolled up in mourning because of sons and husbands lost in the war, which has indirectly claimed two to a greater extent victims. Antonio and Ultima discuss the events of the previous night. She states that she doesnt think Gabriel fired at Lupito, but she warns that no one should presume to decide whom God forgives or not. Before mass, Antonio mingles with the otherwise boys. They horse around and discuss the nights events. Antonio contributes nothing to the subject of Lupitos death.Commentary H aving been introduced to an bad equitable dilemma, Antonio is obsessed with sin and penalty. Ultima explains that men of the llano, referring to Gabriel and Narciso, will not kill without reason. However, she also reassures Antonio that people have to make independent moral decisions found on what they know. However, matters of salvation and damnation are not for human beings to determine. In her own way, Ultima is talking about fate and destiny within the dustup of Catholicism because those are the terms with which Antonio is trying to make sense of Lupitos death.Moreover, Ultima tries to subtly let Antonio know that the adults he loves and trusts are not infallible. Narciso and Gabriel both essay to save Lupito, but the blind anger and fear of Chvez and the others prevented them from doing so. Furthermore, Ultima does not tell Antonio what to think but how people like his father and Narciso make moral decisions. Antonio can then apply this understanding to his own decision s.The opinions that Mara and Gabriel have of growing up highlight the major issues of sin and punishment that preoccupy Antonio. His mother associates growing up with learning how to sin, while Gabriel and Ultima enamour growing up as an inevitable process that is not good or bad in itself. As a boy becomes a man, he uses his life experience and his knowledge to make decisions.

Essay example --

Symbolism of the LotteryIn Shirley Jacksons short taradiddle, The Lottery, she emphasizes on usance in a low-toned town, which has been drastically lost throughout the years. The conjunction h hoarys on to impost callable to the fear of superstition of the harvesting of the crops. Symbolism is the representation of something in emblematic form or the attrisolelyion of symbolic meaning or pillowcase to something (Dictionary.com). The villagers show the unwillingness to challenge tradition and superstition. They might mumble astir(predicate) other villages that have done away with lotteries. Their traditional actions include having all the same the children of the condemned person throw stones seem to ensure that this tradition of human make will continue into the foreseeable future. Shirley Jackson uses symbolism throughout the story with the nasty box, drawing itself and characters names to foreshadow the terrifying outcome of the lottery which is death. The first main sy mbol in the story is the black box. The black box symbolizes the darkness of ignorance that plagues the villagers of the community. They are reluctant to replace it even though its older than the oldest participating member of the lottery. Just as the community is unwilling to give up the ignorance of the old ways for the enlightenment of the new ways like some of the other communities have chosen to do. It overly symbolizes the distraught tradition in the town and how it has changed over time. It is the center of the tradition because no matter how old and worn it gets, the villagers refuse to change it due(p) to the tradition that it holds. The box has changed many of the villagerss view of the lottery but no one can really remember how or why the tradition of the lottery began except to... ...in the story, the reasons for holding the lottery are persistent forgotten and the rituals connected to it. Other than the making of participant lists, the use of the old black box and the swearing in, have mostly fallen by the waste side. All that really remains is a rigid estimation to the ancient tradition of the town. The black box became the ultimate symbol of death, as it is the messenger that delivers the unfortunate winners prize, which is death. The momentum that came from the villagers extreme level of self-interest further propels the storm of immoral and unethical actions. The terrible tradition was carried out once again. Instead of considering the effect that the tradition had on their mate villager, they were grateful that the little black box had spared them their own lives. As out-of-the-way(prenominal) as they were concerned the sky was blue and the sun was still shining.