Internal Combustion Engines Essay -- Engine Cars Mechanics Essays

Internal Combustion EnginesAn internal- burning engine is a heat engine that burns fuel and air at bottom a burning bedroom set(p) within the engine proper. Simply stated, aheat engine is an engine that converts heat energy to mechanical energy. Theinternal- combustion engine should be distinguished from the external-combustion engine, for example, the steam engine and the Stirling engine, whichburns fuel outside the prime mover, that is, the device that actually producesmechanical motion. Both introductory types produce hot, expanding gases, which may hencebe employed to move pistons, turn turbine rotors, or cause locomotion throughthe reaction principle as they secede through the nozzle.Most people are familiar with the internal-combustion reciprocating engine,which is used to former most automobiles, boats, lawn mowers, and home generators.Based on the means of ignition, two types of internal-combustion reciprocatingengines can be distinguished spark-ignition engines and co mpression-ignitionengines. In the former, a spark ignites a combustible mixture of air and fuelin the latter, high compression raises the temperature of the air in the chamberand ignites the injected fuel without a spark. The diesel engine is acompression-ignition engine. This article emphasizes the spark-ignition engine.The invention and early development of internal-combustion engines areusually credited to three Germans. Nikolaus Otto patented and built (1876) thefirst such engine Karl Benz built the first automobile to be powered by such anengine (1885) and Gottlieb Daimler designed the first high-speed internal-combustion engine (1885) and carburetor. Rudolf Diesel invented a successfulcompression-ignition engine (the diesel engine) in 1892.The operation of the internal-combustion reciprocating engine employseither a tetrad-stroke cycle or a two-stroke cycle. A stroke is one continuousmovement of the piston within the cylinder.In the four-stroke cycle, also known as the Otto cycle, the downwardmovement of a piston located within a cylinder creates a partial vacuum. Valveslocated inside the combustion chamber are controlled by the motion of a camshaftconnected to the crankshaft. The four strokes are called, in order of sequence,intake, compression, power, and exhaust. On the first stroke the intake valve isopened w... ... energy within themuffler before the exhaust gases are permitted to escape.The power capacity of an engine depends on a number of characteristics,including the volume of the combustion chamber. The volume can be increased byincreasing the size of the piston and cylinder and by increasing the number ofcylinders. The cylinder configuration, or arrangement of cylinders, can bestraight, or in-line (one cylinder located behind the other) radial (cylinderslocated around a circle) in a V (cylinders located in a V configuration) oropposed (cylinders located opposite each other). other type of internal-combustion engine, the Wankel engine, has no cylinders instead, it has a rotorthat moves through a combustion chamber.An internal-combustion engine must also have some kind of transmittingsystem to control and direct the mechanical energy where it is needed forexample, in an automobile the energy must be directed to the driving wheels.Since these engines are not able to start under a load, a transmission systemmust be used to disengage the engine from the load during starting and then toapply the load when the engine reaches its operating speed.

Charles Dickens Reflection on Society in Hard Times, Oliver Twist, Nic

Charles hellion Reflection on Society in Hard Times, Oliver Twist, Nicholas Nickleby, and David CopperfieldIn this essay I will be examining how and why Dickens chose to commenton the society in which he lived through his novels. I will beexamining Hard Times, Oliver Twist, Nicholas Nickelby and DavidCopperfield.Charles Dickens was considered to be unitary of the greatest Englishnovelists during the straightlaced period, and during this period,novelists had a tradition of commenting on issues affecting societythrough their work. They chose to express their views like this so throng would realise exactly what is taking place in the town orvillage they are living in.Charles Dickens had a very disturbing childhood, members of his familywere move to prison and he was sent to work at the age of twelve in aBlacking Factory he became miserable. He escaped from this by writingfictional texts in school he then developed his existing skills andmade rapid progress. From the entire trauma he went through, he dogged to express his pain through his record books.The reading system was extremely poor. Only children with workingparents would be educated, whereas poorer children would have to work.In the novel Hard Times, the education system was firm, harsh andsternQuadruped. GraminivorousAge known by marks in mouth.This straight-to-the-point definition of a horse suggests that theteacher spoon-feeds the young, tender, innocent children with uselessfacts. The word Graminivorous highlights that these children arebeing turned into adults mentally because he fed the innocentchildren with facts that adults will normally know. Everything is sosimplified for him, the teacher does... ... was irony that Dickens employ here theword parlour suggests that it is a pleasant home but whats going oninside is totally the opposite.In conclusion, Dickens has use his works successfully to comment onsociety because all of the issues that were affecting all classes ofpeople, he included the m so we could really understand what went onduring the Victorian times. I have learnt a lot from this, about howpeople lived and how they were treated. I have learnt that these twoperiods of time were totally different to each other. The novel thathad the roughly impact on me was Nicholas Nickelby this is becauseDickens made us feel sympathetic for the characters, he made me feelas if I was there as one of the characters because this novel was soconvincing. I really felt a lot of sympathy for the children who hadto suffer from this inhumane cruelty.

Social Networking Safety :: Social Networks, Facebook, Twitter

MySpace gained popularity when businesses and bands began using it for advertising. Since the launch of Facebook, both return made social networking part of daily life for millions of heap valet de chambrewide. Internet relationships have become more popular and face-to-face interactions have become more rare. Though these websites allow friends to stay in touch more easy, they also bawl out base hit concerns. Predators have found ways to gain access to innocent bystanders. The age of account users on these sites has become an issue. Parents main priority for their children when it comes to the internet is their safety. The safety risk has caused many parents to ban social networking sites in their home. The question on all(prenominal)ones mind is, is it worth risking personal safety to communicate more easily?While staying in touch with friends is essential to adolescent development, there are less risky ways to do so. An article by Jennifer Sexton and Marlanda slope states that online sites put young people at risk for online predators when they believe they are socializing with friends. Cyber relationships can delay the growth of real relationships according to Sylvia Engdahl in Online accessible Networking. Anne Whittaker and Geraldine Wagner wrote that these websites can stimulate the economy by creating advertising opportunities. Advertising and socializing can be combined with these sites, and as Craig Belanger and Laura Finley wrote in an online article, they allow even the shyest of people to express themselves freely. MySpace is a great place to advertise businesses, while Facebook can create the virtual interaction that everyone seeks. Safety precautions can be implemented to understand only those of suitable age can have access to these sites.Each year there are more advances in technology that allow the world to connect on more personal levels. The new-found popularity of social networking sites accompanies advancements in technology. Soc ial sites allow people around the world to connect with one another in an instant without much hassle. With many great achievements or advancements comes a controversy. The controversy over the popularity and use of social networking sites has alarmed congregations of people around the globe. Each group seems to have its own opinion on each miniscule detail of the ever popular sites such as MySpace and Facebook, and they state their opinion in every way possible. While advancements in technology have allowed social networking sites such as MySpace and Facebook to connect people around the world, they may be releasing as well as much information and therefore making innocent people vulnerable to dangerous situations.

Charles Dickens Hard Times Essay -- Charles Dickens Hard Times Essays

Charles Dickens Hard TimesMany characters in the story are victims of hard time as a egress ofmany factors. These include the lack of money, the education system,the industrialization in the area and the social injustices of theVictorian era. The novel is divided into three books sowing, reapingand garnering. The names of these books have biblical references.Ae ye sow, so shall ye reap New TestamentThis means that there are consequences to all your actions, this ideafeatures strongly in the novel. In the first book sowing, theactions of the characters were describe for example the pragmaticeducation system. In the second book reaping, the consequences ofthese actions are described, and in the third book garnering, theconsequences are explored more, along with the final outcome of theseevents.In the novel, Mr Gradgrind causes and delivers from hard times. He is avery rigid character in addition to being a man of fact andcalculations. He causes hard times for others, including hi s family,with his pragmatic education system. We discover his attitudes toschooling from the very first chapter when he saysIn this life, we want nothing but facts, sir nothing but FactsThis concept is base upon utilitarianism. This is the idea thatnothing except useful and practical things are wanted in life, andthis causes many of Dickens characters hard times. They thought theseconcepts would provide the greatest trusty for the greatest number ofpeople but it only benefited the rich, the poor sill suffered. Hetries to inflict this system onto Sissy but he ends up learning alesson from her. Towards the end of the novel he realises that he hasnot given his children what the... ...e goes on to becomea very famous author who was very critical of lives, industrialisationand money all of these are explored in hard times.Finally, Dickens experiences as a child came out in a convincingportrayal of what was upon with the Victorian society. He was acritic to his time and from his novel s we can learn a great deal aboutthe Victorian era. Many of the characters in the novel experience hardtimes as a result of many factors. Stephen Blackpool is the innocentvictim in the novel he suffers greatly through no fault of his own.He is kind and trustworthy yet he is abused. Other characters such asMrs Sparsit and Bitzer enjoy causing hard times for others. Somesuffer more than others but Dickens uses his characters to explorethe hard times of the era. In conclusion, many of Dickens characterssuffer as a result of numerous causes.

Humorous Wedding Speech †Reasons I Admire the Groom -- Wedding Toasts

Humorous Wedding Speech Reasons I Admire the GroomGood evening Ladies and Gentlemen - Im not an experienced public speaker, so I find it easier just to read the speech word for word. In fact, Ive practiced it almost day-to-day for about a week and a half now, so that I know it very well. Its a tip that I read in a book about public speaking. Ive also been drinking profusely to help calm my pre-speech nerves. I made that tip up myself. japeYes, I am a little nervous about being the best man. But I am more bothered with the title of best man. utter that Im the best man is saying quite a bit. If Im the best man, why is Maria marrying Karl? So Im just happy saying that I am a pretty good man, because today Karl is the best man. And hes a man I admire for the following reasons 1) His generous nature what with him donating his body to learning when he started at ...

Humorous Wedding Speech †Reasons I Admire the Groom -- Wedding Toasts

Humorous Wedding Speech Reasons I Admire the GroomGood evening Ladies and Gentlemen - Im not an experienced public speaker, so I find it easier just to read the speech word for word. In fact, Ive practiced it almost day-after-day for about a week and a half now, so that I know it very well. Its a tip that I read in a book about public speaking. Ive also been drinking profusely to help calm my pre-speech nerves. I made that tip up myself. jestYes, I am a little nervous about being the best man. But I am more bothered with the title of best man. motto that Im the best man is saying quite a bit. If Im the best man, why is Maria marrying Karl? So Im just happy saying that I am a pretty good man, because today Karl is the best man. And hes a man I admire for the following reasons 1) His generous nature what with him donating his body to scholarship when he started at ...

Women in today’s society

Essay on Wo men Women In 2014 were in general seen as equal comp bed to their male counterparts. Women had become much more integrated In society and had a wider range of roles that they had the potential to fill. Women were no longer Limited purely to the creating of the house It was seen as normal for women to Join men In the naturalizeplace and to hold higher positions in certain jobs however, the ratio of female bosses to male bosses was significantly different this can be seen politically, around 7% of women held political say-so over a country compared to 93% of men.These statistics show a clear difference in power and backed up the idea at the snip that men exploited women and were the clear leaders amongst society. However, women in 2014 did pee more political power than ever before and were key in contributions and debates. There were numerous female Amps which had worked hard to earn their position and so were respected because of it very few were ever discriminated against.Whilst it is true that women had new opportunities, the Idea that women should remain at family line and look after the house and children was seen s preferable by men they wanted to be the breadwinners and know that the substructure was being looked after, that they could return home from work and have dinner already prepared. The difference in numbers between working men and women was relatively large, so it was clear that the main role women contend in 2014 was that of the housekeeper they would only work if they had to because of finance or that they simply wanted to.In most societies women had this choice to make for themselves however, some societies heavily restricted female travail and depicted what role omen would fulfill they had no say in these orders because they had been created by political leaders who would have been all men, and challenging this system as a women would have led to mockery. One big difference between men and women in the workplace was pa yment. Even in more equal societies, men earned more than women. This was the case even In dangerous Jobs such as the army.There was no real reason as to why women were paid less, one and only(a) can only assume that Its because men saw them as less able or thought that they should focus primarily on the should. This example of women generally receiving less payment than men shows how women were discriminated against on a larger basis, compared to men. The word sexist in 2014 was generally assumed to be more directed and applicable to women due to the fact that men had more power politically, physically and that they should be the ones to work, instead of staying at home and cooking/cleaning.Sexism towards women was based around these ideas, with many satiric Jokes focusing around the idea of women having to cook and clean. Other discrimination took place t work, where sometimes women worked at an Industry dominated by men, this led to what was called a lack of fit between the pe rsonality a woman is supposed to possess and the attributes considered necessary for the Job.Heres where the male descriptive stereotypes come Into play competent, assertive, decisive, rational, objective. When managers have micro information about what an employee or stereotypes, often to the detriment of women. One study published in 2012 showed the sexist nature of employment during a Job hunt. canvas participants were asked to ire candidates for a math task that both genders performed equally.The participants were twice as likely to hire the man even when candidates were identical for the simple reason that women are seen as worse at math than men. In conclusion, the overall role and status of women in 2014 was that they were mainly focused on looking after the home and caring for their children they were given the potential to gain a high social status, but many chose to let men go to work and those women who did want/have to work, were likely at times to face sexism.

Description of Croquet The Internet Essay

In Victorian England, the game croquet was a completely neutral bea where social ranking and sex activity did not matter, and about which people could interact without inhibition. For the past few years, it has been the goal of a research team of bright and visionary industry gurus, namely, Julian Lombardi, physiognomy McCahill, Andreas Raab, David Reed, and David Smith, to capture that sense of interactivity and bring it to the Internet. Their tool for doing so is hit, an open- solution softw are system where information washstand be shared and converted into a multidimensional framework.In the current paper, I intend to briefly define hit, present its applications and impact on cyber quad, and expound on its regulability and sociability as discussed by Lessig and Castells. exposition of hit The Internet, for all its information and supposed interactivity, existed only as what Lombardi described as a high-speed textbook. Even though speed and pure tone of the hardware has improved drastically, the medium is still the selfsame(prenominal) information is displayed as if it was on a sheet of paper.Croquet developers tried to solve this problem and finally showed how they were making the Internet do its job differently. They opened with a 3-D courtyard dubbed the Cirque du Croquet. Croquet is focused on interaction at heart a 3D shared quad and is a new open source computer operating system built from the ground up to modify deep collaboration among teams of substance abusers (Smith, Kay, Raab, & Reed, 2003). As such, it is fundamentally based on user put and users needs. Applications of CroquetPersonally, I find it hard to imagine this 3D space as a true day-to-day working milieu. It seems a bigger leap from the milestone we made from evolving from paper-based print to honey oil screen interfaces, and from those old green screens to Windows. Then again, I am quite certain that it is not that big a leap to the generations that have been brought u p with intense exposure to computer games in 3D environments in stark contrast against Super Mario 2, Tetris, or Pac Man.I am willing to believe that this represents a valid scenario for the next electrical switch indeed, we have only been through a few generations of this web world, and the change continues to be markedly rapid. Inside Croquet, each avatar foot make changes bm a virtual mirror, make changes to a document or spreadsheet, upload a picture and play a game of chess and all of the changes are displayed to the other person in real time. Moreover, users can build a completely new space and move into it using arrow keys and the mouse.This new space can be either public or private, and users can place more information or graphics or even the link to an camouflaged page inside. Croquets 3D makeup also allows for more flexibility than existing online systems. Since windows can be tilted for a 360-degree view, it provides a locating angle of flash animation. Basic pain t programs can also render a new figure inside the software easily, as Lombardi (n. d. ) demonstrated by drawing a crude shark, which was instantly visible in a 3-D fishtank instantly.For a practical example, I Croquet may possibly be applied in a hospital setting. Croquets interactivity would be useful in fields like healthcare where poor communication is a major issue. A virtual tool like Croquet would give physicians a different way of organizing their information and test it out, while at the same time communicating with other doctors and modifying the data collectively. Moreover, since Croquet was designed as a highly modifiable environment, developers may intend and be able to lead new tools and capabilities. CyberspaceCyberspace is about making a different (or second) life (Lessig, 2006 ensure that this is indicated in the references page). Croquet is basically Second Life, and much more. From an affirmatory view target, Croquet can be a private network. In other words, on ly those you want in your space can get in there. On the other hand, Second life sometimes violates the right of privacy of users by requiring them give their information to third party sources. Secondly, Croquet is probably more shopping center candy than anything else, but there are live snapshots of other virtual environments.This is the equivalent of bookmarks, but live pictures of what is going on at those other places. It would be great since the user would be privy about other peoples whereabouts without having to actually go there. In fact, Tanaka (2003) has expounded on this feature of Croquet, presenting it as an good means of processing interactive multimedia. He has specifically explored the concept of portals that pose strong look to in buiilding digital libraries of the future. In addition, in contrast with HTML, Croquet allows the exhibit of spaces by users, and the movement of such portals. mathematical functionrs may also use these portals as bookmarks, allowing the memorization of this target space (Tanaka, 2003, p. 2). Lastly, Croquet is a complete 3D workspace that allows for co-creativity, acquaintance sharing and deep social presence among large numbers of people at a time (Tanaka, 2003). On the other hand, from pessimistic view, I am worried about the ease of use of Croquet. Yes, the people who designed it could navigate and get around, but it looks a bit more complicated than Second Life. in that respect are certain questions that are left unanswered at this point.For instance, are there logs of everything that happens? What about the ability to lock down certain aspects of the world. If every user can manipulate and change an environment can a student accidentally/deliberately delete a world a teacher creates? The answers to these questions point to aspects of realize that must(prenominal) be explicitly answered, whilst the advantages of Croquet seem apparent. The degree of control that a user has on these powerful aspects of C roquet may part determine how aptly users will utilize it. Regulability One other issue of the effectuality of Croquet is its regulability.For instance, the creation of open and globally scalable social figuring spaces can cause some to ask the following To what extent will we need to impose rules on peoples behaviors in such spaces? What types of rules are necessary? Who will come up with such rules and how will they be enforced? How can we find a balance between personal autonomy and the need for regulating behaviors in open cyberspaces? These are but some of the sensitive issues that have to be explicitly dealt with before the full, successful launch of Croquet is possible.Life in cyberspace is regulated primarily through the code of cyberspace (Lessig, 2006). I think Croquet as it is being developed directly does not have regulability as a central concern. However, over time, if Croquet spreads and increases in popularity, users will begin to realize the importance of and bu ild regulability back in. Croquets users/developers may freely share, modify and view the source code of the entire system. In other words, users can make their own regulability in their worlds.The star biggest reason why Croquet will become the future operating system is that the users can run and modify the code that the worlds are built on and they can integrate their own application. While Croquet seems to be the perfect tool for encouraging knowledge sharing and creativity, a structure for regulating it must be clearly defined to be able to ensure its success. There may be areas that seem vague at the moment, including the rules that should regulate it, the enforcing parties, and the level of control that the system must accorded to its users.The fact that regulability seems to rely solely on the hands of users may be both risky and dangerous and is an aspect that must be seriously dealt with by the systems advocates. Sociability The spread of Internet is making social exchan ges based on fake identities and role-playing (Castells, 2001 make sure this source is indicated in your bibliography). Those of us who have participated heavily in online communities over the years have substantial experience in dealing with imposters, forgers, and the ever-present anonymous cowards who can disrupt meaningful discourse.Effective online educational environments must be efficiently insulated from such craft. The Croquet project team is looking into integrating federated identity operator management system. By doing so, Croquet users who use their own institutional login/password could access protected resources in Croquet places that are hosted by other communities. federalize identity management system would provide numerous benefits to the educational and institutional use of Croquet.For example, multiple institutions could cooperate in creating restricted access discipline environments in which students and educators from those institutions could interact and learn without the need for each institution to set up an account for all the users of such spaces. A side benefit of this is that Fair Use limitation provisions on copyright laws would allow copyrightable materials to be distributed in such spaces a feature that is really important to educators (and is probably one of the main(prenominal) reasons that academic institutions employ the use of cumbersome Course Management Systems over plain old websites, blogs, and wikis).Conclusion The current paper began with a brief world of Croquet, presenting it as a new soft ware that allows users to interact within a three-dimensional shared space, and which seems to be tailor fit to user space and their needs. This new software will allow each avatar to make changes that shall be displayed in 3D format, in real time. Croquet also holds promise to settings that require intensive interactivity, such as in hospital settings the software prospectively allows doctors to communicate and change d ata collaboratively.Both the negative and positive aspects of Croquet as a channel in cyberspace has been presented. On a positive note, it may be used as a private network, an effective hypermedia processor, and a channel that encourages knowledge sharing, creativity and interaction. On the other hand, it may pose risks against users right to privacy, and has obvious ambivalent problems with regards to regulability and sociability. In our library and information space, we can see how our special information expertise contributes to the success of our users and the teams we work in and with.If Croquet is inevitable, we had better be early adopters. In order to use this Croquet scenario effectively, in our own visioning sessions, we can use it as a framework to think about what our future workspaces, offices, and intranets will look like. What skills will we need? What skills do we already have that will increase in importance? How can information be delivered in this environment? Ho w do we increase our relevance in this kind of space? Good questions and ones that we should struggle to understand now and not much later when we have already been immersed in the wave of change.References Lombardi, J. (n. d. ) Socio-computational systems, virtual environments, learning contexts, and the Croquet Project. Retreived on January 31, 2008 from http//jlombardi. blogspot. com Smith, D. , Kay, A. , Raab, A. , & Reed, P. (2003). Croquet a collaboration system architecture. IEEE Conference on Creating, Connecting and Collaborating through Computing, 2. Tanaka, K. (2003). Tea-time museum Croquet as a browsing and searching environment for digital libraries. IEEE Conference on Creating, Connecting and Collaborating through Computing, 12.

The case of walsall

IntroductionA literature reappraisal is research in the country subject which is gathitherd by surveies that already has been do in the capable country. It allows the apprehension of what sustainable reformation is slightly(predicate) and farther to derive more recognition on sustainable rehabilitation in de-industrialised metropoliss or towns and to place how it could per panorama be improved. additionally it is besides at that place to assist recognize and separate any countries of the chosen topic, which has non been acknowledged. This will be an find oneself to lend to bing consciousness in this subject country.Sustainability and urban DevelopmentThe chosen country in which the literature reappraisal will concentrate on is sustainable rehabilitation in de-industrialised metropoliss. First, I would wish dressed ore on finding the signifi jackpotce of sustainability. What is sustainability? Sustainability can be defined as or described as the tone of voice of life/lifestyl e in a community. It is the drawn-out being and use of planetary resources to maintain the environment in near form without endangering the hereafter of coevalss to take. Sustainability arises in three chief countries much(prenominal) as environmental facets, socio economic facets and economic form.Sustainability in environment focal points on the Earth s natural environment. This facet of sustainability is directed at the advances on the environment for better or worse. It besides focuses on the employ of natural resources. Additionally it is combined with the other two performers social and economic facets. Social emergence commonly refers to betterments in both single wellbeing and the all overall social public assistance, that result from additions in societal crown typically, the accretion of capacity for persons and groups of mass to work in concert to accomplish sh ard aims. Sustainable development should or ought to continue and heighten all utile not bad(p) stocks which include natural capital. that the saving of capacities of an person obtained through instruction and shargond perceptive and values and socially held cognition are likewise of import. bring down exposure and keeping the wellness ( i.e. , resiliency, energy and organisation ) of societal and heathenish systems, and their ability to defy dazes, is of import. Enhancing human capital ( through instruction ) and beef uping societal values, establishments and equity will better the resiliency of societal systems and administration. Many such harmful adaptions occur effort slight, and their long haul effects are overlooked in socio-economic analysis. ( Munasinghe 2007 )stinting sustainability seeks to maximise the flow of income that could be generated while at least keeping the stock of assets ( or capital ) which yields this income. Yokels 1946 argued that people s maximal sustainable aspiration is the sum that they can devour without impoverishing themselves.Addres sing these three factors to better economic system, societal and environmental issues can non be addressed individually. The ground for this is because solutions to one job whitethorn take to a farther job in another. For illustration making or developing low-cost lodging can be a good cause nevertheless if the lodging is built far from workplaces or conveyance links it becomes a job which may take to an addition in fomite use, pollution and traffic. Therefore to make a sustainable community all these links need to be taken into invoice with one another.The Brundtland Commission formally known as the World Commission on Environment and Development ( WCED ) was created to do people cognizant of and turn to the job affecting the diminution of the human environment and natural resources. ( Wikipedia, 2009 ) The committee was set up by the United Nations to look at the environmental issue which was known as the Brundtland study.This study came up with the term Sustainable Development which is defined asSustainable development is the development that meets the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their ain demands . ( WCED, 1987 )presumably this statement suggests that concentrating on current coevals groups to utilize resources which wo nt forestall future coevalss from populating their ain lives.Sustainable development is besides a fixed end of imprimatur and the general populace. The belief signifies a affair needed to be addressed for the hereafter in footings of public assistance and chances for future development. However the affair of sustainable development seems far from solved, particularly in this economic crisis where one time the handiness of capital for regeneration and reclamation is now non readily gettable.Urban maturation was one of the most powerful and permeant geographical procedures impacting the western population in the center of the 20th century, each twelvemonth the figure of people and occupations in the metropoliss rose and the major metropolitan Centres consolidated and enhanced their portion of national population and economic action. Growth farther occurred in areal footings as metropoliss expand their suburbs into the environing countryside. Conversely, small towns and little towns had small locational entreaty both for residential intents and for industry, so that extended rural countries were characterised by stagnancy and diminution. Established metropoliss throughout the western universe are losing population and occupations as the balance of societal and economic chance has moved off from metropoliss and in favor of rural countries.There are many factors today that are indexs of impairment such as interior urban disintegration, offense, unemployment. These indexs are of societal economic, political and fiscal cloth of the metropolis to make a de-industrialised metropolis.The economic crisis of today will impact the sustainability program. However th ere might be positive results of this crisis directed to green companies as they can take the chance to utilize the media as a manner of demoing the public cutting schemes of going more sustainable . This manner of notion could perchance restore a st climb on of public assurance in a private sector that has seen its credibleness take a terrible banging in recent months. Therefore, foregrounding long-run environmental considerations is crucially of import.It may be said that this is exclusively showing merely a little grade of the economical crisis of how it affects sustainable factors, nevertheless rear end Whalley from The Centre for International Governance Innovation ( CIGI ) suggests that belongings a balance between both Environmental aims and economic aims is of import during this fiscal crisis. Therefore feeling at both facets of the fiscal crisis could perchance help today s sustainable development in metropoliss under the economic lag.The economic ecological niche easy slipped up at the beginning of the twelvemonth 2008 which has now turned into a drawn-out period. ( Coaffee 2009 ) states that the finance available for regeneration is likely to be significantly curtailed, at least from conventional beginnings, with many semi- completed regeneration strategies mothballed.Therefore Coaffee 2009 suggests besides that this twelvemonth capital for regeneration is likely to be restricted in usage particularly with traditional beginnings nevertheless big scale regeneration undertakings have non been put to a arrest just been slowed down possibly to happen thought through solutions to last the economic downswing. Although the CIGI believe that maintaining both elements of economic and fiscal aims in head is indispensable at this clip.Sustainable Rehabilitation and Urban RenewalSustainable rehabilitation focuses on the treatment of towns or metropoliss which were extremely developed with industry how are no longer lasting. In add-on the demand to b etter economic growing is essential to run into the demands of societal and environmental elements. In the issue of Urban Studies in 2006 provinces that it is hard to specify with lucidity what urban resurgence. ( Governa, 2009 ) The common component that links together the assorted significances is that the urban revival is defined against, in resistance to a period of diminution. For many old ages within Europe, metropoliss were identified as the topographic points typically awarding the greatest economic and societal jobs ( Turok and Mykhnenko, 2007 ) . Nevertheless metropoliss at the same time strive to accommodate economic growing, dynamism and creativeness with the ugly apparition of societal and spacial exclusion and increasing degrees of segregation and ine pure tone. This statement suggests that metropoliss make every attempt to decide economic growing and activity with the unpleasant factor of societal segregation and favoritism but besides with the bar of infinite. Poss ibly it indicates that metropoliss are seeking to better the competition they have with each other but at the same clip they are seeking to run into the societal and environmental demands they face.In contrast Turok s and Mykhnenko s position now suggests that metropoliss are right away seen as drivers of invention, creativeness and productiveness growing in advanced service- oriented economic sciences . ( Turok and Mykhnenko, 2008 )Therefore Turok and Mykhnenko s statement identify that invention and advanced communications are primary motivations of today s metropoliss enabling people and to work together, making an active metropolis that drives creativeness, draws nomadic capital and ability, and signifiers en adultment from within.Additionally metropoliss are besides thought to incorporate the cultural verve, societal substructure, consumer comfortss and calling picks to assist parts and states attract the accomplishments and endowment required to bring forth and work cognitio n and thereby construct dynamic competitory advantage ( HM Treasury 2006, OECD 2006 ) .When new towns are developed or built, they are normally thoughtfully intentional to be close or in propinquity of bing or neighboring metropoliss and towns. This so enables the periphery or boundary line of the new towns to unify with the bing towns and metropoliss. Additionally transport links set up connexions between the metropoliss or towns doing the land more popular to develop increasing the stretch of land.Urban decay seems to be a natural effect of the growing of a metropolis. Khakis statement straight concerns the decay of metropoliss to be a natural consequence. However there might be a figure of factors which cause metropoliss to disintegrate. Possibly facets such as forsaking of edifice, high rate of unemployment, offense, depopulation and many others can do this issue to distribute over a metropolis or town.Urban reclamation is a process which occurs by worsening constructions which are enhanced or bettered through a motley of technique which range from constructing modernization to redevelopment and renovating.Through comprehensive and incorporate vision and action, urban reclamation purposes to decide urban jobs and convey about an digesting betterment in the economic, sensual, societal and environmental conditions of a spoilt country which has been capable to alter.The reinforced environment is a merchandise of an incremental decision-making procedure. Rehabilitation, nevertheless, offers a cheaper, quicker and less socially upseting option to better the quality of constructing stock.From the environmental position, rehabilitation is a more sustainable attack to urban reclamation because rehabilitation generates less edifice and destruction waste compared with renovation.An illustration of a metropolis which has faced both diminution and reclamation is Glasgow. The metropolis suffered from the Post World War I recession and besides faced the Great Depres sion . This was a period during the 1930 s where the full universe suffered from terrible economic depression. Although the metropolis faced these issues it improved by the epidemic of World War II.Glasgow had a deficiency of investing and invention which of course led to these factors to turn overseas such as Japan. This resulted in Glasgow to come in a long period of economic diminution and de-industrialisation . When well-nighthing every secondment terrible as this affects a metropolis it leads to high degrees of unemployment, urban decay and a major lessening in population.In Western Europe, where land is much less in supply and urban countries are by and large recognised as the drivers of the new information and service economic systems, urban regeneration has become an industry in itself, with 100s of bureaus and charities set up to undertake the issue. European metropoliss have the benefit of historical organic development forms already concurrent to the New Urbanist theo retical account, and although derelict, most metropoliss have attractive historical quarters and edifices aged for renovation. In the suburban body politics and metropoliss, the solution is frequently more drastic, with 1960s and 70s province lodging undertakings being wholly demolished and rebuilt in a more traditional European urban manner, with a mix of lodging types, sizes, monetary values, and term of offices, every bit good as a mix of other utilizations such as retail or commercial. One of the best illustrations of this is in Hulme, Manchester, which was cleared of 19th-century lodging in the 1950s to do manner for a big estate of tower block flats. During the 1990s, it was cleared once more to do manner for new development built along new urbanist lines.Causes of DeclineMost surveies of urban alteration, decay or diminution dressed ore on the effects of urban transmutation instead than their implicit in causes.The terminal consequence is that most theories of urban alterat ion hand over merely a partial penetration into what is a complex procedure. ( Roberts 2000 )Robert indicates that urban alteration or diminution has merely been researched to a grade nevertheless it is a really complex subject country and process. He besides indentifies that the research done stresses negative demographic and societal tendencies and the causal function of economic factors interrogatively industrial restructuring in chase of maximizing returns including deindustrialisation, globalization and economic concentration as forces for economic structural alteration and the jobs of accommodating to new demands of economic activities and factor restraints ( including handiness of land and edifices ) . The manner metropoliss and towns are involved economic structural alteration vary. The topical anaesthetic economic system and economical construction of the town is normally governed by big concerns. Depending on how advanced or new the merchandise of the concern is, inven tion plays an of import portion. This is because if the occupation type requires a high skilled individual to work, this usually leads to a lower local economic system as non everyone has the accomplishments needed for the occupation. Therefore the big graduated table industries are the concerns to confront the largest possibility of economic diminution which leads to de-industrialisation.Urban alterationUrban Regeneration is besides referred to as Urban Renewal transpires when the societal, economic and physical features of ignored countries have been improved and reconstructed utilizing a scheme which will be after to better an country. A typical regeneration development is usually lodging developments, dock side or waterside development undertakings.Urban Regeneration non merely focuses on the physical side on the country but besides embarks upon the societal and economic issues present every bit good. However Urban Regeneration undertakings require extended fiscal input from b oth public and private sectors.Lang 2005 believes that Urban Regeneration implies an incorporate position on jobs, potencies, schemes and undertakings within the societal, environmental, cultural and economic domain.This statement shows that Lang assumes that these factors which are incorporated with Urban Regeneration are societal, environmental and economic factors. These factors are likewise driven by Sustainability every bit good.Furthermore Roberts 2000 defines Urban Regeneration as a comprehensive and incorporate vision and action which leads to the declaration of urban jobs and which seeks to convey about a permanent betterment in the economic, physical, societal and environmental status of an country that has been capable to alter .However the official definition of Regeneration from the slur of Deputy Prime Minister ( ODPM ) is the holistic procedure of change by reversaling economic sciences, societal and physical decay in countries where it has reached a phase when ma rketplace forces entirely will non do . ( ODPM 2003 )Therefore regeneration signifiers portion of one of the three countries of legal act. This is now where Urban Regeneration moves off from reclamation, development and revival. Robert 2000 believes that Urban Regeneration implies that all attacks should be constructed with a longer-term, more strategic intent in head . Therefore there should be a strategic agenda to why the regeneration should take topographic point which are seen as cardinal characteristics.There is another definition described by Couch and Fraser 2003 who apologise that Urban Regeneration is concerned with in re-growth of economic activity where it has been lost the Restoration of societal map where there has been disfunction, or societal inclusion where there has been exclusion and the Restoration of environmental quality or ecological balance where it has been lost . This mentality would possibly work where there is vacant or neglectful land in which new edifice could be built nevertheless Urban Regeneration is about using schemes in bing countries instead than making new towns and metropoliss. This could so accommodate the three factors of sustainability, a demand to societal, economic and environmental issues.Understanding the intent of Urban Regeneration in the UK, one needs to understand the policies which are set in the UK. Regeneration is seen as a measure frontward from the commercial manner of the renovation policy in the 1980 s, where the Conservative governance has consciously imitated the American scheme of trusting on private market mechanisms instead than upon public intercession to revitalize its metropoliss and urban countries. ( Parkinson, Judd 1988 )Roberts 2000 believes that Urban Regeneration can be delivered as a comprehensive and incorporate vision and action which leads to the declaration of urban jobs and which seeks to convey about a permanent betterments in the economic, physical, societal and environment al status of an country that has been capable to alter .Therefore the three chief points that involve regeneration are the economic, societal and environmental province of an country. However the enquiry is what is economic, societal and environmental decay?Urban regeneration follows through and beyond the procedure of physical alteration, urban development and urban revival. Roberts 2000 believes that Urban Regeneration implies that all attacks should be constructed with a longer term, more strategic intent in head significance that when planning or edifice methods to develop regeneration, it is of import to maintain in head a more tactical intent where the long term effects are positive.Neighborhood Renewal aims to better the quality of life for those life in the most deprived countries by undertaking, piteous occupation chances, High offense degrees, Educational under-achievement, hapless wellness and jobs with lodging and their local environment. ( Communities and Local Gover nment UK )The poorest of vicinities are faced with or more likely to endure with sick wellness, offense and even unemployment. Therefore Neighborhood reclamation is to lurch out of the decay and convey back life into the community. It is about working from the grassroots to present economic prosperity and occupations, safer communities, good instruction, nice lodging, improved physical environment and better wellness, every bit good as furthering a common sense of community among occupants. ( Communities and Local Government 2007 )Poverty has become more operose in single vicinities and estates than earlier, and the societal exclusion of these vicinities has become more pronounced. ( Social Exclusion Unit 2000 )Deprivation besides works against attempts to touch on metropoliss and protect the countryside from development. Poor services undermine religion in the political procedure. And there is an consequence on societal coherence as immature people and people from cultural min orities are both disproportionately likely to populate in disadvantaged vicinities ( people from cultural minorities are over-represented quadruple ) . ( Social Exclusion Unit 2000 ) .Therefore the attempts to resuscitate a metropolis or country can besides do want. Poor installations and aid can take to peoples trust in the political system weak and deteriorate. Neighbourhood reclamation is about linking communities together.Regeneration has become a tool applied to about all urban countries in the UK, speed uping in the past decennary in analogue to bust growing in the belongings market. ( Urban Regeneration in the UK )The craze of edifice in the UK towns and metropoliss is non merely a merchandise of economic growing, but reflects broader demographic displacements with in the UK population. Peoples are populating longer than of all time before and at the other terminal of the age graduated table, people are waiting longer to hold kids, both of which mean a lessening in mean famil y size which, combined with number population, means that the figure of families is progressively rapid. As a consequence, the figure of families in England entirely is predicted to lift from merely over 21 million in 2004 to about 26.5 million in 2029 with 70 % of that addition taking the signifier of one individual families. ( Communities and Local Government, 2007 )Culture- led regeneration and instance surveyCulture- led regeneration undertakings are involved with the societal public assistance and the reclamation of communities associating public art and cultural development. However since the 1980s, a figure of local governments have adopted some signifier of per centum for art strategy, whereby all new edifices incorporate a quota of graphics. Public graphics has impacted and attracted many visitants which have become portion of the tourer and hereditary pattern industry.Regeneration through art truly works, but we will necessitate to look at it in 20 old ages clip to judge it. ( shit Jenkinson ) The true regeneration is the regeneration of local people s Black Marias and heads. ( David March, and Peter Jenkinson, Director of New Art Gallery, Walsall )This type of regeneration or activity might be the design and building ( or re-use ) of a edifices for public or concern usage ( e.g. Baltic and Sage Music Centre in Gateshead, Tate Modern and Peckham Library in Southwark the renewal of unfastened infinite ( e.g. Gateshead, Liverpool, etc )Culture-led regeneration can be understood as the usage of cultural undertakings to revitalize economically down metropoliss and parts. ( Middleton and Freestone 2008 )Culture-led regeneration has been used extensively around Europe ( Gomez 1998 Keating and De Frantz, 2004 Miles, 2005 ) Examples of Culture-led Regeneration in the UK consist of the Tate Modern and Renzo Piano s Shard of Glass on the London Docklands, the Millennium Galleries and Winter Garden in Sheffield and renovation of Salford Quays.There has b een adequate grounds to demo that many cultural-led regeneration programmes have been unsuccessful. Glasgow is frequently mentioned as a premier illustration. Jenkins 2005 provinces that the metropolis used its position as European Capital of Culture 1990 to conceal its working category heritage and socialist history doing bitterness and ill will amongst many dwellers. Doucet ( 2007 ) besides suggests that cultural regeneration can meet jobs if it is non supported by occupants, peculiarly those with a strong sense of local personal identity.One survey which was based around cultural-led Regeneration was taken on Newcastle Gateshead strategy. The councils of Newcastle worked together to advance cultural selling to take to put Newcastle Gateshead as a top European finish for leisure, concern and touristry to make a new individuality for Tyneside and the wider part.During this period of culture-led regeneration the facets of the night-time economic system which boost the societal ing estion of intoxicant have been marginalised. Indeed some local politicians have publically condemned Newcastle s image as a Party city saying jobs with wellness, offense and intoxicant related upset. Writing in the Newcastle Evening Chronicle in February 2008 ( p. 45 ) , Coun. John Shipley stated thatThe image of Newcastle as holding an flushing economic system based on intoxicant ingestion should be a thing of the yesteryear it s really of import we create a caf & A eacute -style civilization we are seeking to alter Newcastle s image to one that is inclusive for everyone.The acceptance of such schemes in Newcastle and Gateshead can be seen as a clear effort to travel off from the part s propertyless industrial image and make a new cosmopolite, international individuality rich in civilization, scientific discipline and engineering. Even the NewcastleGateshead s failed command for European Capital of Culture 2008 has done small to decelerate the gait of alteration and degree of i nvesting in cultural undertakings throughout the part.During the method of this instance analyze the attack taken to carry on consequences was a quantitative method. 52 interviews were carried out with members from all four boroughs of Gateshead, Newcastle, North Tyneside and South Tyneside. The interviews remained informal but really structured focussing on the research subject. Their chief research inquiry was based aroundThe altering nature of the socio-economic landscape of Tyneside.The individuality of parts and how it has changed over the old agesand thirdly The sentiments on recent cultural and scientific developmentsRespondents understandably felt that culture-led regeneration developments had a narrow focal point on a professional middle-income, middle-class demographic, hence excepting a big proportion of lower-income people from the part. In this context they did non see culture-led regeneration as profiting them in any manner and that culture-led regeneration efficaciou sly existed for other people, a position similar to that proposed by Peter Eisinger s ( 2000 ) in his survey of metropoliss in the US.Peoples may hold developments taking topographic point in their metropolis under culture-led regeneration strategies, but do non needs experience that they benefit anything from this. Whilst Miles ( 2004 ) believes that Newcastle and Gateshead provides the environment for the cultural events and developments to sit merrily alongside the traditional dark clip economic system, this research suggests that this is non needfully the instance. Local dwellers with a strong sense of local individuality are going progressively disenfranchised with cultural developments and, as experienced in Glasgow, may good go more vocal in their unfavorable judgments. Miles, S. ( 2004 ) NewcatleGateshead Quayside Cultural investing and individualities of opposition , Capital & A Class, 81, pp.183-189.

Dot-com Bubble and Fastest-growing Camera Company

Ever since his days at the University of California at San Diego in the late 1990s, Nicholas Woodman treasured a way for him and his surfriding buddies to capture their exploits without having to take turns sitting on shore with a camera and telephoto lens. No surfer wants to be the photographer, especially when the waves are good, he says. Woodman, 36, eventually decided to solve the problem and founded GoPro in 2002. GoPro makes a small, durable, lightweight (just 3. 3 ounces) camcorder and special mounts to attach the device to surfboards, helmets, ski poles, railroad car hoods, or pretty such(prenominal) anything else.Its become a phenomenon in the world of extreme sports, with fanny-country snowboarders, kayakers, scuba divers, and others using it to document their feats. Woodmans confederacy has sold hundreds of thousands of them through sports shops and is only now reaching beyond its X Game base with national TV ads and a distri merelyion deal with vanquish Buy (BBY). Its a very cool story, says Christopher Chute, an analyst with IDC. GoPro may well be the worlds fastest-growing camera company. The stepson of Irwin Federman, a chip labor pioneer and successful venture capitalist, Woodman started an Internet marketing firm after college, but it didnt survive the dot-com bust. He decompressed with a five-month surfing trip to Indonesia and Australia, where he began testing prototypes of a wrist-mounted camera. Once he got the design right, he borrowed and raised $30,000in part by selling Indonesian bead-and-shell necklaces from the back of hisVolkswagen busand hired some buddies to cold-call surf shops and ask them to stock GoPros Hero line of cameras.Corporate giants such as Samsung have worked on wearable camcorders for years, but GoPros devices, which cost $180 to $300, stand out for image and sound quality, ease of use, and ruggedness. Theyre waterproof to 180 feet and drop-proof from 3,000 feet. (One was dropped from that height by a skydiver , who as yet uses it. ) A skier can attach one to his helmet to record what he sees and another to the tip of his ski to film himself. The cameras are also becoming a basic on TV, where they have been used to help film dozens of reality shows, including Deadliest Catch and Whale Wars.George Lucas is using them to shoot part of his next film, Red Tails. Woodman, who says GoPro is economic enough to go public, wants to expand beyond hardware into media. One idea is for a cable show featuring extreme sports videos shot by GoPro users. The push into discipline is one reason Steamboat Ventures, the venture capital arm of Walt Disney (DIS), recently invested in GoPro. Says Beau Laskey, managing director of the fund Theres the potential for this to be much more than a camera company.

Teton Dam

Teton decameter was constructed after a thorough research that took several(prenominal) years with the first site visit taking place in 1932. The research and the process of identifying the appropriate site took place over the years stellar(a) to the identification of eight alternative sites between 1946 and 1961. This was followed with100 boring to determine meant to determine the most appropriate site for the dam to be constructed. In 1972, the actual building of the dam started, giving the dam the capacity to hold 356 million cubic meters of urine.However, soon after the waters were allowed in the dam, it started leaking and eventually the leaks gave in and the dam gave in killing claiming 14 lives. This left several ethical forefronts that this work shall analyze using the virtue principle of decision making. The work shall be addressed to a government regulatory agency. A description of the engineering bereavement It was on 3rd June of 1976 when it was noniced that at th at place were small exudateages in the north abutment wall of the dam.The creditworthy department pictured the wall and it was taken to the Bureau of replenishment which was to take the necessary action from then. The only measure taken was that the readings were to be taken doubly every week instead of the previous once a week trend. On the next daylight, the right abutment also indicated wetness and some tiny springs were gravelning to appear. It is non recorded of any measures that were taken at this point in time and this consequently led to more(prenominal) destruction on 5th June 1976 when leaks were noniced at around half past 7 in the morning and eight in the morning (Arthur 11).This leak was flowing at a rate of 800 liters per scrap from the right abutment that had been noticed the previous day. After just an hour, the flow had accelerated to 1,3oo liters per second. The rate was almost doubled within a single hour. At 11. 00 a. m. quadruple bulldozers were sent t o the site to obstetrical delivery situations since a whirlpool was emerging from dam directly. This was suicidal since the bulldozers were swallowed by the water meaning that the endure up plan that could rescue the situation was already a failure at a very early stage of the failure.Half an hour after the bulldozers were swallowed, the whole dam collapsed and nothing more was left to be rescued. This left 14 lives being lost courtesy of the whole engineering failure while over 200 families were left dispossessed in five different towns (Arthur 16). An in-depth analysis of major issues surrounding the failure Engineering Issues Following the failure and destruction of the engineering project, the Governor of Idaho commissioned a committee which unveiled that the pre-design and the geological studies that had been conducted were not only appropriate but also deeply founded.The first engineering error though was that attention was not given to the unusual geological condition of the land while the USBR practices were being followed. Another source of failure was that the gr bulge curtain that was built was not squiffy convincingly. Finally, the dams geometry was the reason behind the dams arching which ensured that cracks heart-to-heart channels through the erodible fill. Management and Regulatory Issues The drive of the failure during the day of the incident shows clearly a massive case of negligence in the hands of the management and the regulatory bodies in the country.As it is stated above, the pictures that were taken to the Bureau of replenishment when the seepages were noted for the first time never received any firm action. On 5th June 1976 too, the failure occurred in different segments and the lack of a back up plan to help solve it was a clear indication of the lack of preparedness from the management and the Bureau of Reclamation (Sharma, 64). Socio-Technical and Ethical During the infamous failure of the dam, the workers had been warned of the danger that seemed to be in store for them since early detections had indicated a possibility of what happened.The case was not the same for the residents and the society in general since they were kept in darkness about the issue with the main reason being that they never wanted to trigger any fear among the citizens. The end result though was that there was no precaution that had been put in place to safeguard the residents. The 14 lives that were lost and the massive displacement that faced over 200 families was totally an unethical issue (Sharma, 64). An analysis of the ethical lapses The process of the dams construction is analyzed ethically there are a number of ethical lapses that were ignored.To begin with it has been noted that the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation failed to include all the stakeholders during the implementation process. This overlook led to the faulty foundation which acted as an important factor for the breaking of the dam as a failure to adequately consult the necessary experts who could have provided important leads and help to averse the effects of the dam breaking in. the greatest question that arises here is that it is expected that the construction of the dam was for the common good.By constructing such a huge dam in rocks that could easily leak and give way for a possibility such a destructive breakup, the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation team was overlooking the principle of common good (Dylan 158). Another ethical issue with this case was the decision and the rationale to open the dam even before its outlets were complete. Anurag (98) notes that the constructors ignored the fact that the water was advance at a higher rate than what was supposed to be the case and failed to act.This shows that the team assigned the contribution of manning this dam were negligent in their roles as they failed to ensure that the take any action to ensure that the water intake was as the original plan. The decision to let water in before the outlet s were totally finished was a total contravening the principles of ethical responsibilities. The U. S. Bureau of Reclamation ought to have known the dangers it was putting to the people downstream when they let the waters to flow into the dam without fully completing the outlets, and worse still ignoring, the signs that all was not well when the dam stated leaking.These actions flouted the principle of common good, as these negligent acts were not to the interest of all the stakeholders. Worse still, it ignored the principles of courteousness, reasonableness, as well as thought fullness. This case has no justifications for the blatant ignorance of the possible risk that the dam would cause if it burst open. The team monitoring failed to act to mitigate the potential of the dam bursting by ignoring the early signs that the dam was going, to collapse.Recommendations for Actions with Analysis The study to reverse the collapse of the Teton Dam draws the implementation of certain measur es. First and foremost, there is urgency that the pedology in the area. The indispensability to reconsider solid ground in the reconstruction of the dam is based on the fact that the collapse of the dam was aided by the dam being located on a permeable loess soil. This loess soil was used as the ticker of the dam. At the same time, the loess soil had been used on the cracked rhyolite at the bottom of the dam.This allowed the dam water to seep through and under the dam. By extension, it is well adduced by oceanographers, limnologists and hydrologists that this collapse of the dam had been cracked at its bottom. This allowed water to seep through the dam, giving way for piping internal erosion. The collapse of the dam was the culmination of this development. The need for regular and legal dam inspection cannot be gainsaid as an effective panacea to the collapse of a dam after the manner of Teton Dam.Additionally, logistics and funds must be set in place to ensure that the sealing of the fissures at the bottom of the dams are clearly sealed. The gravity of the matter is that the gameboard had soon established that piping was taking place. Nevertheless, there was nothing that was done to revert the fracturing of the core materials. The need to ensure that highly skilled personnel are involved in the construction of the bottom of any dams is also paramount.This is underscored by the fact that the panel that oversaw the construction of Teton Dam was not able to determine the presence of totally erodable fill which had been left unprotected which had been aided by an unsealed rock situated beneath the grout cap. That this situation was primrose, leading to the development of an erosion tunnel which in turn further promoted the widening and development of the fissure underscores the aforesaid(prenominal) need for skilled personnel. Skilled personnel would have identified and carried out correctional measures.Outcomes and Justification Based On One or More Ethica l Frameworks The need to ensure that there are skilled personnel is underscored by one of the ethical oversights that were committed on the side of the panel. Precisely, the panel allowed the dam to be opened a little too soon before the completion of its outlets. If it is that only skilled experts were employed, the panel would have been informed that water at the time had been rising at a dangerously higher rate. In addition to this, the right correctional measures would have been deducted, prescribed and executed.By extension, the fact that the team that was also assigned the role of manning the dam remained negligent as failure to ensure that the water level as originally prescribed confirms some degree of incompetence. The gravity of the matter aforementioned is clearly also clearly confirmed by the fact that the US Bureau of Reclamation allowed water into the dam without the dams outlets. It suffices to point out that the US Bureau of Reclamation ought to have been aware of th e dangers it had posed on the locals who were leaving downstream as the outlets had a higher propensity of being overwhelmed.Work Cited Anurag Srivastava, generalised event three algorithm and software for dam safety risk analysis Utah State University 2008, http//digitalcommons. usu. edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi? article=1031&context=etd Dylan McDonald, The Teton Dam Disaster, pertly York Acadia Publishing, 2006. Arthur, Green, Teton Dam Failure. The Evaluation of Dam Safety New York ASCE, 2007 Sharma, Saxena, Dams Incidents and Accidents Washington D. C Taylor and Francis

Persuasive communication

Persuasive communication is at the heart of the selling process, and the gross revenue insertion/demonstration is the critical center stage or Showtime for salespeople. After asking the customer qualifying questions to uncover special(prenominal) needs, the salesperson present tenses the products and services that will best satisfy those needs highlights their features, advantages, and benefits and stimulates desire for the offerings with a skillful demonstration. Prospects are primarily interested in the benefits being offered them.Product features and advantages are important only if hey can be tied directly to a specific benefit the persuasion is seeking. For instance, pointing out a flat-screen monitor feature when demonstrating a new desktop computer does not mean much to a opportunity unless the salesperson explains the related benefits of taking up less desk space, reducing eye strain, and increasing employee productivity. Success in this stage requires development of c arefully tailored and ripe strategies, including a convincing product demonstration.Its been said that a picture Is worth a thousand words, and a demonstration Is worth a thousand pictures. mavin successful sales representative always carried a hammer ND a plate of his companys unbreakable glass with him to demonstrate Its strength. One day, Instead of collision the glass with the hammer himself, he let the prospect do it. From then on, his sales soared as he continued letting customers swing the hammer. Salespeople should always return to get their prospects involved in demonstrating the product or trying it out, so they can gain confidence in using it.A dog-and-pony show, no matter how elaborate, rarely succeeds because prospects usually see its focus as selling the product instead of solving their problems. Salespeople who use skillful questioning and reactive listening while prospects scrivener their needs can often adjust their sales presentation and demonstration on the f ly to provide the best customer solutions. Various sales presentation strategies are presented In Table 4. 6, but most professional BIB salespeople find the consultative professional strategy to be most effective, along with maneuver that anticipate likely Interactions between buyer and seller.Like an actor or athlete, the salesperson needs to diligently practice the sales presentation with a sales lad or friend. Some salespeople enroll in sales presentation training programs offered by impasses like Empowerment Group (www. Empowerments. Com/ presentation_training. HTML) as a way to provided develop their proficiency (Figure 4. 3). Adaptive versus Canned Sales Presentations. Traditional salespeople tend to make relatively standard sales presentations that dont vary much from one prospect to another.Top-performing salespeople try instead to oblige each presentation to the particular prospect and selling situation. 16 Salespeople who modify their presentations according to specific prospect or customer needs and behaviors are more effective than those who do not. 7 This point may seem obvious, but only salespeople who are Inclined to adjust their sales presentation to the customer are likely to do so during the sales call-1 8 Successful salespeople regularly practice adapting their sales presentation to different customer feedback during the presentation.For example, if the purchasing manager for Hertz (womb. Hertz. Com) shows more interest in safety than in gas mileage, then an observant salesperson for General Motors (womb. GM. Com) can promptly adapt the sales presentation by emphasizing the safety benefits of GM cars. Although adaptive ailing is generally best, canned (or programmed) selling can be countenance for some types of prospects, selling situations, and salespeople.In fact, the most effective sales presentations often blend the canned and adaptive approaches. 19 Many professional salespeople use programmed multimedia to present general informati on efficiently and effectively and to enliven their sales presentations. During the multimedia presentation, salespeople are able to closely observe the prospects reaction and accordingly better adapt later stages of the sales presentation. To gauge how adaptive you are as a salesperson, take the test in Table 4. 7.

Differences and Comparisons of Ethics Essay

When we think of respectable motive, we think of two words, good or bad. Through the history of our world, philosophers and scientists have devised several thoughts that overwhelm a system that we be able to use to determine who and what is good or bad.As a population, we stick out use these different terms and types of honorable theory to determine which style, form, or behavior of ethics fits with our beliefs and culture. Some of these different types of theories include virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontological ethics. Although these all fall into the family line of a theory of ethics and whitethorn seem to be similar, they argon also very different.When looking at the virtue theory of ethics, we can see that the term char achievementer can be used in the place of virtue. According to Ben (2007), the virtue theory has roots that reach back to the time of Plato. Plato, and the virtue theory, suggest that all hands and women would be happy if they would only grasp the eternal Form of the Good as his or her criterion.In contrast to the virtue theory, the utilitarianism theory suggests that a mortal present or have behavior of good for the entire team or group. One of the problems associated with this theory according to Boylan (2009) is that for any honorable theory to croak in a group, the group must first come to some terms of a general disciplinement. Knowing this and thinking on this statement, there argon few times in my bearing where a team or group of batch come to upriseher on any idea and agree on its entirety.The deontological theory suggest a contrasting idea to the other two theories, it suggests that there are features within the exertionions of the separate that determine whether it is in effect(p) or non. The first theory was about the character of the individual, the second theory was about a group of individuals, this theory involves the actions of a soul. The deontological theory also suggests that an individual may b elieve that good intentions are to a greater extent(prenominal) important than the results. One someoneal experiencethat comes to mind when writing about these theories. Many years ago, I worked for an galvanizing contractor, his moral concepts and mine were not the same. His idea of running a line of credit was to bid much lower than any other contractor, when in fact, he did get the job, the work he applied was shoddy and the materials were sub-par. He could not perceive the value of the labor that was performed by his employees, he could have simply bid more per job, paid his employees wages that fit their position, and used materials that were deemed appropriate. His virtue or corporation mission statement was get the job d wholeness as cheaply as possible.As a businessman I can realize the importance of saving m iodiny and using business sense to achieve business directives, however, purposefully paying employees low wages, using non name brand parts and bidding lower than any other contractor for every job is one ethic that I do not agree with. There are seven general ethical categories used in defining the ethical value and morals commonwealth follow. Each category has different subsections and expectations for a persons behavior. A persons morals and ethical beliefs develop from a mixture of values from these non-homogeneous theories therefore he or she does not necessarily fit snugly into one category. The top three ethical theories are deontological, utilitarianism, and virtue-based ethics these are the theories under examination.Deontological Theory Also know as duty-based, categorical imperative, and The Golden Rule, deontology focuses on decisions about whats a reclaim based on broad, abstract universal ethical principles or values such as honesty, promise keeping, fairness, loyalty, rights (to safety, privacy, etc.), justice, responsibility, compassion, and respect for human beings and property (Trevino, 2011, pg. 42). People following this ethical category believe moral principles outline the necessary obligations and duties principles developed by biblical or religious beliefs and societal or government laws. A deontological person does not worry about the consequences of a decision. Their concerns focus on duty or moral obligations. In a professional capacity, the person follows instructions of managers or supervisors because it is his or her duty to respect authority, even if the instructions are unethical. Utilitarianism TheoryThe second nigh common category of ethical behavior is also known asconsequence-based or teleological ethics. In this category, passel focus on decisions that result in the most benefits for the greatest number of people in a society. Utilitarianism ethics applies to much of the decision-making in the business world, as a company exerts an effort to become environmentally responsible and trustworthy. A difficulty that arises with utilitarianism is that the decisions make cannot accou nt for every possibility. This means that the person is unlikely to arrive at a completely accurate assessment of all future consequences and the rights of a minority group can easily be sacrificed for the benefit of the majority (Trevino, 2011, pg. 42).Virtue moralsVirtue ethics tend to fit in more with the deontological category than with utilitarianism. In this category, the focus is on making good decisions because it reflects the type of person one wants to be. A good person makes good decisions and exerts effort to cultivate honor in all that they do and all that others do (Boylan, 2009, pg. 133). In this category, people take a personalized approach to decision-making that not only accounts for societal expectations just now also for how the person wants to be perceived, focusing on the act or decision instead of the consequences. Virtue ethics are beneficial to people working(a) in specialized professional communities. A professional community or organization, such as physicians or lawyers, has a highly developed set of ethical standards. These standards give the members of the community guidelines to follow when trying to be good moral agents.Personal ExperienceIn a gambling casino, deontological values are important. In any position, there are local, state, and federal laws that govern the activities within the casino. State regulations are especially strict on how employees handle money and gambling chips. As a surveillance employee in a local casino, my deontological ethics followed company and state policies. Because of the possible legal ramifications, I chose to place state regulations to begin with company obligations. There were inconsistencies in how management handled money per state guidelines documentation was required for every step in the process. Whe neer I saw something getting done incompletely orinappropriately, I documented each instance. After a few weeks of documentation, I discovered that the Washington State Gambling Co mmission representative had neer seen any of the paperwork.This meant that my immediate supervisor and the owners had concealed the paperwork so that the company would not have to make the necessary changes or possibly face fines for uncomely handling of money. My morals and values caused an ethical dilemma because I knew that the company was following improper procedures but I also knew that informing the representative of the missing paperwork and improper handling practices could cost me my job. I chose to follow the higher level duties and obligations outlined by the state regulations in an effort to prevent the loss of the company. This choice backfired on me in the end management fired me because I informed the state representative of the issues.ConclusionEach ethical theory has its own rules and expectations. There are sub-levels within each category that creates even more varied options. When a person knows his or her own values and morals, it is easier to identify which ethical category he or she fits into. In this manner, a person is more aware of why he or she makes the decisions he or she does and can see other viewpoints more clearly. There are different types of ethical theories. Ethical theories help to find how a person should act towards another or in a situation. The various types of ethical theories helps people define what is right and what is wrong and how we make those assumptions. Although the three main theories of ethics have the same purpose they are different from one another. The virtue theory is the ethical theory also called character ethics is based on the moral of what is ethical. It is based on personal belief and emotion of character. It describes the character of a moral agent as a driving force for ethical behavior, rather than rules (Wikipedia, 2012). Virtue ethics is character based and focuses on helping people develop a better character trait.According to the text (2009), virtue ethics take the viewpoint that in liv ing your life you should try to cultivate excellence in all that you do and all that others do. These excellences or virtues are both moral and non-moral. It deals with the moral character of a person rather than what is the more ethical thing to do or what society expects from them. Utilitarianism states that something ismorally right if it is for the greater good of all. It is most often used in the United States government because of the principle of satisfying everyone. According to Wikipedia (2012), it is the measurement between what is right and wrong without consequence. A utilitarian is a person who puts the need of others before their own.They believe that success is achieved as a whole rather than individually. It is based on factual beliefs where the moral worth is based on the overall outcome. Deontological or Duty ethics is the ethical theory that is based on ones duty to do the right thing. Deontology states that people act ethically moral because of what is expected f rom them in a particular situation. For example, at work you are more likely to use deontological ethics in determining how to behave in the workplace. It is because your employer expects for you to follow the code of ethics set forth by the company. It is based on what society expects out of you as a person and a citizen. vote could be considered to be a deontological ethical decision as well as utilitarianism because even though you may want to vote because of your personal beliefs and character, most people do it because it is necessary and they are expected to do so. It also is for the good of all Americans and if one person fails to vote it can affect the people as a whole. For me this is also a virtue base theory as well because I feel that it is my duty to myself to vote because of how I was raised. I was always taught the importance of voting and the things that can become from voting.The three main ethical theories are the basis of the path to making decisions and how decis ions are made. They set the standard for how and why people act the way they do or why and how they make the decisions that they make. It helps to determine what is right and what is wrong and how assumptions are made to come to conclusions. Although the three main ethical theories serve the same purpose of establishing ethical principles (Rainbow, 2002), they differ from one another because they each define different points and differ in a persons duty to make ethical decisions. Utilitarianism is a consequentialist ethical theory. An action is right or wrong based on its consequences. John Stuart linger was an important philosopher in developing the idea of utilitarianism. Utilitarianism holds that any action thatresults in a greater nub of comfort in the world is a right action and any action that results in pain or less happiness is wrong. Utilitarianism can be divided into different versions. hazard utilitarianism is one of the versions of utilitarianism. prompt utilitariani sms goal is to maximize the overall happiness of the universe. Act utilitarianism uses the Greatest Happiness Principle which says in every situation, choose the option that you believe to be most likely to produce the greatest possible happiness or least possible unhappiness for the all people who will be affected. An act utilitarian would determine if robbing a avow is a right action or not by determining how much happiness the robbery would create. To do this he would have to use the hedonistic densification, which is a way of adding up all the happiness that everyone affected by an action would receive. If the results of this calculation show that the bank managers, the hundreds of investors, and the police would all be unhappy with this action and only the robber and maybe his family would be happy, then robbing the bank is a wrong action. If the bank managers did not care about the customers money, the FDIC insured all the stolen money, the police were not unhappy because of the robbery, and the robber was extremely happy because he could move to the Caribbean and never work again, then robbing the bank would be a right action.There are many good points to act utilitarianism. It is very appealing because most people want to increase their happiness and reduce their pain. Act utilitarianism says that people could do that and they would not only make everyone happier but they would also be doing what is morally right. Act utilitarians will not have conflicts over any action being right or wrong because the hedonistic calculus is an objective test that proves the get along of please or pain that will result. It is a standard that all actions can be evaluated by. some other point or act utilitarianism that can be seen as an advantage over rule utilitarianism is that each individual situation can have a different action be right. This means that in every situation the right action will provide more happiness or less pain as opposed to rule utilitarianism where the individual situations do not matter. Act utilitarianism also has some disadvantages. One major fault of act utilitarianism is that some actions would produce a greater amount of happiness if they were done in secret. The same action, however, would produce less happiness if it were done in public.That means that the exactsame action and situation would be right if no one knew about it but wrong if enough people were aware of it. If people know about an action and believe it is wrong, then wouldnt it be just as wrong if no one knew about it? The action would still have the same affect on the same amount of people, they just would not know about, so they could not be unhappy about it. Act utilitarianism can also seem unjust because the hedonistic calculus may say that it is right to take away the rights of a person because it will contribute to the overall happiness in the universe. Act utilitarianism would say an action producing pain for a small number of innocent people i s right as long as the rest of the world is happy about it. Another problem is the feelings of a person are disregarded only the consequences are important.Some other problems with act utilitarianism are if a person has never experienced a similar situation, then they will be unable to perform the hedonistic calculus because they will not know if people will be happy or not. It also may not be possible to compare the different peoples happiness. Act Utilitarianism has many problems. If everyone acted according to act utilitarianism, then the majority or people would probably be happier. But morally correct actions do not necessarily have to make people happy, so act utilitarianism might not be a good way to determine if an action is really right or wrong.References2006 Pearson Prentice dorm room Upper Saddle River NJ 07458The Legal Environment of Business A Crititical Thinking Approach 4th discrepancy Nancy K. Kumasek, Bartley ABrennanm M. Neil Browne, Bowiling Green University200 9 Oxford University PressBusiness Ethics and Ethical BusinessRobert Audi, University of Notre DameNew York /Oxford2011 SAGE Publications, IncStrategic Corporate Social Responsibility Stakeholders in a Global Environment 2nd Edition William B Werther Jr(University of Miami) and David Chandler (University of Texas at Austin)2013 South-Western CENGAGE LearningBusiness Ethics Ethical Decision Making and Cases 9th Edition O. C. Ferrell, John Fraedrich and Linda FerrellMason, Ohio

Technology and Ethics

While there is a robust pass on in Ameri ass social club everyplace the relation between engineering science and much(preno instantal) ethical tax returns as democracy, localism and the environment, the introduction of technologies admits of no grapple. Jerry Mander writes, It is a melancholy fact that in our society the beginning(a) waves of descriptions active juvenile technologies invariably come from the corporations and scientists who invent and market these technologies and who piddle much to gain by our pass judgment a positive trance (Mander, 1996, 345). This is a central point the basic issue is that the introduction of new technologies is far removed from any real democratic reciprocation. such discussion always occurs in a sterile environment, always after the fact.For example, the maturation and mass production of the automobile was hai direct al roughly universally as a rotationary ontogeny. It was supposed to provide freedom of movement and make ou r earth smaller. Such slogans oerly met the teaching of air travel, television and the internet. Such occasions were accepted in society almost without discussion, save for a few marginalized traditionalists and agrarians who were speaking into the wind. Nevertheless(prenominal), the automobile has recreated the Ameri jakes landscape, demanded thousands of miles of paved roads, brought civilization to small towns whether they wanted it or non, killed many an(prenominal) millions in traffic accidents worldwide, massively increased the dependence on oil and created a massive oligarchy of bodied capital who benefits from all this.It industrialism also led, and leads. . . to social and political consequences the squeezing of farm populations and the uncontrollable growth of cities, the disembowelment of self-reliant communities, the enlargement of central governments, the enthronement of science as ruling ideology, a wide and increase gap between rich and poor, and ruling values of profit, growth, property, and consumption. (Sale, 1996)Now, the general point is had all of this been known (or theorized) in 1920, and a national discussion had taken place, would we comport the mass production of automobiles?Has it, ultimately, been a right-hand(a) issue? Often, the common response is that you cant stop progress. Such a slogan is saturated with cynicism and amorality, as if technologies were some seismic phenomenon as natural as photosynthesis. Progress is something that is, as Mander says, dictated by a handful of major corporate and government agencies who decide what shape progress leave take.In addition, Mander also holds that technologies, such as nuclear power and air travel, be inherently biased politically. He writes, To build and control nuclear power plants requires a large, highly technical and very well-financed infrastructure. . . It can only be do by grand, modify institutions. Without such institutions, nuclear power could not exist (Man der, 2006, 347). Mander sees the same b another(prenominal)wises in the development of the internet.Such hie in communications and access to information does little but assist the continued centralisation of political and stinting power. In fact, it is my opinion that figurer engineering science may be the single most important instrument ever invented for the acceleration of centralized power. While we sit at our PCs. . . .transnational corporations ar exploitation their globular networks, fed by far greater resources. . . .they operate on a scale and at a speed that makes our own level of cyber-empowerment seem pathetic by comparison (Mander, 2006, 355). regular(a) more, such orbiculate interconnectedness, long lauded as a path to freedom and unity, brings instead, cultural leveling and a destruction of diversity. The computer diversity is a rotary motion that permits a handful of major cultural warmheartednesss such as Hollywood to impose their view of the world into all corner of the world, and the results of this be just beginning to be seen. The issue of Hollywood and New York imposing its view of the world to the plant is a given the facts speak for themselves. solely one then moldiness grapple with the issue of whether or not this is a good thing? What gives Hollywood the right?The general point is that the mega-technologies have brought the world closer together and sped up the speed at which we receive information. provided what are the concrete results? Could any of these results have been foreseen in the late mid-s levelties when this applied science was being developed? And if not, what does this say about democratic governance? After all, computers and automobiles have revolutionized our society with far more direct results than who gets elected president. yet again, there is no democratic control over these paint a picture invasions of our lives and the technologies themselves not only assume centralized control, but provide the agencies of centralization with greater and greater resources.Manders thesis is that engine room is already biased in depot of centralization and statism. In former(a) words, the proficient revolution, which clothed itself in the mantle of freedom and progress, in fact needs a huge centralized setup of physical, technical, educational, political and economic forms. The technologies that have revolutionized our society have both created and in fact, mistaken the existence of a radically altered landscape that touches every element of human liveliness.The technical apparatus that must be in place to electrify an integral continent must be huge, not to mention the standing armies that must be in place to defend the corridors of energy transmission such as oil pipelines. Technology is political, and most certainly, is not isolated from the remainder of life. Technology has, in the20th carbon second industrial revolution, touched every aspect of human life without a vote t aken.all(a) technologies have consequences, inevitable and built in, and imperatives, just as inevitable, essentially separate from human dictates and desires. Norbert Wiener, the mathematician who was the founder of modern cybernetics, has scripted about technical determinants dictated by the very nature of machines, and of the steam engine he notable that it automatically leads to large and ever larger scales because it can power so many separate machines at once, to ever increasing production because it must pay back its high investment and operating costs, and to centralization and specialization because factors of efficiency and economy supersede those of, say, craftsmanship or esthetic expression. (Sale, 1996).Nevertheless, there can be no discussion of these topics without that of ideology. Technology does have its own ideology, and it needs to be unpacked. One mightiness add together this point of view this way First, that technology has its own trajectory that is indepe ndent of the will of man sorting. This can be challenged by the primary fact that all technological innovations of new-fashioned memory have been developed in a corporate setting under corporate rules for profit. Men have financed and created these things. But they have not financed or created these things blindly, as part of some natural and inevitable process. They have been created according to a final cause of thought.Second, this scheme of thought is that happiness is a matter of technological progress and the accumulation of capital. In different words, the person that has the better car, high tech stereos and I-Pods, must, in general, be happier than one that does not, or has older, outdated equipment. Yet, there is no evidence for this, one would have a tough time pointing to research that says people are happier or less accentuate now than they were 1,000 years ago.Third, the market is in control over whether or not technology is accepted and hence, democratically just ifiable is often heard. In other words, the democracy problem is solved by the market itself. If new technologies are invented and marketed, people can choose to buy or not to buy. But is it that simple? One who buys the latest inventions is progressive, while the other is regressive. To have an 8-track player in ones car is an occasion for mockery, regardless of the satisfaction one gets from having such vintage equipment. ad and marketing campaigns are not projected to ones reason, but to ones subaltern passions, to be considered acceptable, lovable and intelligent, rather than boorish and ignorant. The acceptance or rejection of technology also partakes of these components as well.I call in that in general, these arguments are universally seen as undergirding and justifying the immense power of technology in modern societies, and in fact, even defining what modern real is. While technology is taken for granted, the beginnings of a serious discussion can only begin when the ba sic assumptions of a technological life are unpacked. What are the assumptions and promises, and to what consequence has the high-tech society succeeded in meeting these expectations? It might be unreflectively held that people who lived 1,000 years ago were uniformly miserable and ignorant, yet serious research into that field has succeeded in smashing that silly myth, but it hushed remains the domain of eccentric specialists.Yet such a view undergirds much discussion on the distrust of technology and its role in society. Technology and its thought-apparatus have succeeded even in rewriting history to suit of clothes itself people were miserable and ignorant up until the 19th century. It is difficult to see how the high-tech society can justify itself in any other way. But the nature of any discussion must have teeth. In other words, it must be attached to the ability of communities and families to break away from the grid and being living different, wholesome lives. Sterile ac ademic discussions do nothing but justify faculty salaries. Such talk must have a revolutionary purpose, to shift the movement of progress as Bookchin sees it from technological gigantism to miniaturism, starting with the core by which the machines are powered.Given the above arguments, Kirkpatrick Sale has written substantially on the rebellion, both historical and modern, of the land versus the machine, the ultimate bi-modality in this discussion. His argument nicely dovetails with Mander in many respects. The beginning(a) question is the difference between technology and a system of production. Mander holds that there is no difference, that machinery depends on a huge, centralized system of life and thought, the bureaucratic man. On the other hand, Sale holds that the real revolution was in the development of the steam engine.For him, this was the first time that an invention came into existence completely independent of nature, rather than actually using it. Just as importantl y, this invention also made the quantum jump from the world of local machines to an entire system of production and life. Steam created the modern factory and its discipline that derive from it (Sale, 1996). In other words, the development of steam took the organic lodge and plugged it into a world of production dominated by a handful of elites. But this should be noted that it has been the issue of how machines are powered that led to the creation of the first grid.Again, the issue comes back to that of energy. With this, the more optimistic view of Bookchin makes more sense, since it is really not machinery per se, but the means by which they are powered that is non-liberatory in its tendency. Bookchin seems to say that the reduction of power to solar and wind sources (among other natural sources) is both inevitable (as oil runs out and coal is too dirty) and morally demanded if decentralization and authentic local democracy are to become a reality.In his Five Facets of a Myth S ale asks the simple question has the 400 years since the Industrial revolution produces more or less happiness for unselfishness (as a whole)? Has it produced more equality, more justice, less work, less stress, more mental stability, for humanity as a whole? What were the promises of the technological revolution? These arguments, from Bacon to Compte have been nothing less than plenty, quietness, less work and stress, a true utopia of production where drudgery would disappear. Diseases would be cured, wars ended and mental illness a thing of the past. But has industrialism and technology carried through with(predicate) on these promises? And what has been the cost of the convenience that industry has created?It seems that Mander, Bookchin and Sale would all agree that the promises of industrialism and the technological revolution have not been fulfilled. As one sort of knowledge is brought forward, some others are left behind. All that does not conform to the English model of i ndustrialization (or industrialization in general), is dismissively called backward and primitive, as terms of abuse.II. Society, Churches and the Technological RevolutionAs a matter of course, society seems to be a passive victim of the propaganda of the industrialists. Technology has invaded every corner of human life, altering landscapes of entire continents. All of this has been done long before any kind of debate has been engaged. This is the central problem. On the whole, churches have accepted the technological revolution with little protest. There are small exceptions the Russian Old Believers, the Amish, some traditional Roman Catholic and Jewish-Orthodox writers have particular the problems, both moral and social, of technology and its dominance over life.One promising area of research has been developed by the green anarchists, who have taken at least some of their material from the erstwhile Murray Bookchin, who advocated a humanized technology detached from centralize d structures. Solar power is the perennial example, since it is relatively easy to install and is off a grid, in other words, it need not be connected into any larger structures of power. Bookchin, in his 1970 aim Scarcity Anarchism, contains a powerful essay called Toward a Liberatory Technology.The early date of this familiaration makes it of great gratify in modern writings against the technological revolution. Bookchin is far more optimistic than Mander, and holds that the movement in this revolution is toward the small scale computers and machinery in general are getting physically smaller and using less and less energy. This movement is a good thing and can assist in the building of a new, decentralized society (Bookchin, 1970, 59).A liberated society, I believe, will not want to negate technology barely because it has liberated and can strike a balance. It may well want to assimilate the machine to dainty craftsmanship. By this I mean that the machine will remove the toi l from the productive process, leaving its fine completion to man. The machine, in effect, will participate in human creativity. . . In a liberated federation the combination of industrial machines and craftsmans tools could reach a degree of sophistication and of creative interdependence unparalleled in any period of human history (Bookchin, 1970, 80).The distinction between Mander and Bookchin in clear For the former, technology is inherently biased, at least in its present manifestation. Mander, like Bookchin, holds that solar and wind power is the wave of the future, and, in general, can mean that life off the grid is quite possible, enhancing independence and local control over events. The central issue here is democracy and local control off-grid means local control, and cultural and economic lives are not necessarily dictated by distant banks, the Federal Reserve or the global economy, none of which the average community has any control over. But in Bookchins case, the indu strial revolution already contains the seeds of its decentralization and hence, sees in the industrial revolution seeds of a new, liberated society. In general, by the term liberated Bookchin means independent of centralized sources of control.One interesting source of Christian radicalism has been the monastery. Here, especially in its Orthodox foundations, the technological revolution has been held at bay. For example, the Platina, California monastery of St. Herman is completely off grid. They have no running piss or electricity, and grow most of their own food (Damascene, 2002). Their grounds are beautiful and spacious, and since they are vegetarians, catch is prohibited (as is the case for all Orthodox monasteries). Their diet is very simple yet extremely healthy, and the community is growing. They run a major publishing house on generator power run by solar panels. The Platina experience has become central for giving an example of how to live a happy, healthy life without de pendence on the system of interlocking systems of control which is meant by the term grid.Another example might be the St. Marys community in St. Marys Kansas. This is a Roman Catholic community that only partially controls the small town of St. Marys. They hear to live their lives simply and peacefully in prayer and honest labor. It is not a monastery and families thrive there, but they have already legitimate several visits from the FBI, paranoid that a cult was at work there. If anything, such communities have an uphill lift from the state as well as the media, whose coverage of the community has been uniformly hostile and uncomprehending. (cf. http//www.smac.edu, St. Marys Academy page, with some information on the community as a whole).One can surmise with a great deal of justification that the average American family has embraced technology as inevitable, without fully understanding the hard consequences of such technologies. Slowly but surely however, the rather marginali zed monastics, anarchists and greens have made somewhat of an impact. But if Bookchin is correct, the smaller scale of newer technologies will make a freer life possible with rather small changes in social consciousness. What seems to be at the center is the nature of power. If power can be locally created through bio-mass or solar energy, then technology can become liberatory. The grid seems to be based on power, i.e. energy, more than anything else though it cannot be limited to that.Every community would approximate local or regional autarky. It would seek to achieve wholeness, because wholeness produces complete, rounded men who live in a symbiotic descent with their environment. Even if a substantial portion of the economy fell within the sphere of a national disagreement of labor, the overall economic weight of a society would still rest with the community (Bookchin, 1970, 83).The central good here is independence. But it is difficult to square the American interest in envir onmental politics with anything other than a fashionable political cause. It is hard to see how such a superficial commitment can be brought to relieve on the rather humane anarchism and communitarianism of Bookchin. It seems that for the moment, the experiments such as Platina will remain marginalized and unappealing to the masses. The debate might continue, but, for better or worse, that does not stop the inevitable wheel of progress from spinning.A recent study from Cornell University suggests that most of Americans are strongly beginning to question the issue of genetically engineered foods. This technology was step by step introduced into food production largely unbeknownst to the American public. Hence, since about two-thirds of American food is so processed, the debate is largely a moot one. Nevertheless, Cornell claims that there has been a slight but significant shift over time towards a little less support for genetically engineered foods and more risk perception (Bio-Me dicine, 2005).What are the conclusions we can reach here? The first might be that the more practical questions of the ethic of technology must be brought under a more general heading this heading has been dealt with above and is the relationship of technology to liberty and democracy. All other goods flow from this. If one can show that technology has led to a stressed, mentally unbalanced and mechanized society, then one must be able to see the light the system and bring to bear new insights. If machinery is harmful to democracy and local control, then it needs to be eliminated, or at least, highly modified in the way that Bookchin proposes. Hiding behind arguments about the inevitable nature of technical progress will not do, but these only beg the question.Second, the question of technology and ethics is central to modern societies, and needs to be taken out of the classroom and into the Congress and the public square. These issues are not about the environment per se, but the e nvironment is just an appendage of the more important questions concerning the nature of centralized economic control (whether from the state or corporate America, or an alliance of both) and its intimate relation to the history of technological progress. This is the bedrock issue of technology and its relation to ethics, that is, to freedom and autonomy. Freedom and autonomy, therefore, must also be the bedrock of a democratic order.A Model Syllabus A Brief IntroductionThis seminar is authorize Technology and Democracy, and will meet five times. It will incorporate film, written work and discussion. All points of view are welcome and encouraged. Nevertheless, it should be made clear that the basic issues are defined as the relationship of technology and the sources of its creation and marketing with democracy, equality and safety. The issues below are meant to illustrate these basic themes from varying field of study. This syllabus is meant to take the basic insights above, that i s, the relationship of democracy to technology (as the center of technological ethics) and bring it to bear on more practical pursuits such as medicine or computer science.Day IThe question of technology and childrenReadings to have vigilant beforehandParens, Eric (2006) Surgically Shaping Children Technology, moral philosophy and the Pursuit of Noramality. Johns Hopkins University getThis work will be the main topic of the first meeting. Discussion and workshops will follow concerning the impact of technology on gentility children. Topics will include, sex selection and abortion, genetic engineering and, importantly, the medicating of children, especially boys. Basic issues of sexism (especially anti-male bias) will be discussedDay IIEthics and health Care TechnologyReadings to have prepared beforehandAnderson, James (2002) Ethics and Information Technology A Care establish Approach to a Health Care System in Transition. Springer Books.The discussion will center upon the natur e of genetic engineering in the realm of medicine and ethics. But what needs to be stressed is the connection between the corporate or state control of medicine and the nature of ethics and centralized power.A video will also be shownSulmasy, Daniel (2004) Dignity, Vulnerability and Care of the Patient. St. Vincents Medical Center. 55 min (available at http//www.providence.org/oregon/programs_and_services/ethics/e15clips.htm)Day IIIReadings to have prepared beforehandEthics and Weapons TechnologyBrigetedy, Ruben (2007) Ethics, Technology and the American Way of War. Routledge.This component will concern technology and the development of weapons. There is no separate between the industrial revolution and the development of mass warfare and extremely high-casualty wars. Technology must face this element of itself, its promises to bring humanity peace and plenty are belied by the fact that technology has all of the most deadly weapons known to man. Science, in other words, is not intri nsically liberating, it can also enslave.Day IVEthics and Information TechnologyReadings to have prepared beforehandStamatellos, Giannis (2007) Computer Ethics A Global Perspective. Jones and BartlettThis part of the seminar will deal with the issues involved in computer technology and privacy. This is a central issue in todays economy and must be dealt with. Issues such as Pay-Pal and Ebay will be discussed, as well as the potential for fraud and abuse.Day VEthics and mental HealthReadings to have prepared beforehandDyer, Allen (1988) Ethics and Psychiatry. American Psychiatric Association PublicationsMental health and pharmaceuticals are important areas of ethics today. Tens of millions throughout the world are currently on legal, pharmaceuticals for mental illness. Hence, the issue goes right to the heart of this course the intimacy of technology to the average person. In this case, the technology goes straight to the brain and manipulates the chemistry, altering the personality for better or worse. But at the same time, these medications are marketed for profit, hence creating a moral quandary is the prescription of these medications medically necessity or even proper? Is the profit motive center stage here, or the science of medicine, and even more, to what extent has this science been controlled by the profit motive itself?Students will end the seminar with a brief first appearance concerning one of the these five topics relative to the main topic the relation of technology to democracy and liberty.BibliographyAmerican Opinions are Split on Genetically Engineered Food. Bio Medicine News. 2005. (Bio-medicine.org)Bookchin, Murray (1970) Post Scarcity Anarchism. AK Press.Damascene, Fr. (2003). Fr. Seraphim Rose His Life and Works. St. Hermans Press (Fr. Seraphim founded the settlement at Platina, CA)Mander, Jerry (2006). Technologies of Globalization. in Mander, ed. The Case Against the Global Economy. Sierra Club Books. 344-359Sale, Kirkpatrick (1996) Re bels Against the Future. Basic Books(nd) Five Facets of a Myth. Primitivism Online Journal. (Primitivism.org)